Latvia

File:Latvian National Anthem.ogg

Burg Turaida04

Podział administracyjny I RP

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Latvians national rally in Dundaga in 1905

Janis Cakste

Latvia, officially known as the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is one of the three Baltic states, situated to the north of Lithuania and south of Estonia, with Russia to the east and Belarus to the southeast. Latvia has a coastline along the Baltic Sea to the west. The country covers an area of 64,589 square kilometers and has a temperate seasonal climate. The capital and largest city is Riga, which is also the largest city in the Baltic states.

History

The territory of modern Latvia has been inhabited since 9000 BC. During the medieval period, the area was a battleground for regional powers including the Vikings, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, and later, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sweden, and Russia. Latvia's modern period began with the declaration of independence from Russia on November 18, 1918, shortly after the end of World War I. However, by 1940, Latvia was forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union, followed by occupation by Nazi Germany during World War II, and re-occupation by the Soviet Union after the war, until it regained independence in 1991 following the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Geography

Latvia is characterized by rolling hills, wide beaches, and dense, sprawling forests, covering approximately 50% of the country's territory, making it one of the most forested countries in Europe. The country is also home to numerous lakes and rivers, including the Daugava River, which is significant for hydroelectric power production and as a major transportation route.

Demographics

As of the latest estimates, Latvia has a population of approximately 1.9 million people. The country has a diverse ethnic composition, with Latvians making up around 62% of the population, followed by a significant Russian minority of about 25%, and smaller communities of Belarusians, Ukrainians, Poles, and Lithuanians. The official language is Latvian, which is part of the Baltic language group.

Economy

Latvia is a developed country with an advanced high-income economy and ranks high in terms of human development. The country's economy is largely based on services, followed by industry and agriculture. Latvia is a member of the European Union, the Eurozone, the OECD, the NATO, and the World Trade Organization, among other international organizations. Since adopting the euro in 2014, Latvia has experienced steady economic growth, driven by exports and a growing tourism industry.

Culture

Latvian culture is a mix of indigenous heritage, with influences from the Germanic, Nordic, and Russian cultures. Traditional Latvian folklore, especially the singing of folk songs, is a key component of Latvian identity. The country is also known for its traditions in literature, art, and music. The Latvian Song and Dance Festival is an important event, showcasing national cultural identity and attracting thousands of participants.

Government and Politics

Latvia is a parliamentary republic with a multi-party system. The head of state is the President, elected by the Saeima, Latvia's unicameral parliament. The head of government is the Prime Minister, who, along with the Cabinet, exercises executive power. Latvia's legal system is based on civil law and is part of the European Union's legal framework.

Education and Science

Latvia has a well-developed education system, with free primary and secondary education guaranteed by the constitution. The country also has several universities and colleges that offer higher education in a wide range of disciplines. Latvia has made significant contributions to science, particularly in the fields of medicine, physics, and information technology.

Tourism

Latvia attracts tourists with its rich history, cultural heritage, and natural beauty. Popular destinations include the historic center of Riga, with its well-preserved medieval architecture, the seaside resort of Jūrmala, and the Gauja National Park. Latvia's diverse landscape offers opportunities for a variety of outdoor activities, from hiking and cycling in the summer to skiing in the winter.