Legalism (Chinese philosophy)

Sima_Qian_(painted_portrait)

Legalism (

) is a Chinese philosophy that emphasizes strict adherence to a legal code and the use of law as the primary tool for governance. It was one of the four main schools of thought during the Warring States period (475–221 BCE) and played a crucial role in the formation of the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BCE).

Origins and Development

Legalism emerged during the Warring States period, a time of social and political turmoil in ancient China. The philosophy was primarily developed by three key figures: Shang Yang, Shen Buhai, and Han Feizi. These thinkers believed that human nature is inherently selfish and that a strong, centralized state with a strict legal system was necessary to maintain order and stability.

Shang Yang

Shang Yang (c. 390–338 BCE) was a statesman and reformer in the state of Qin. He implemented a series of reforms that centralized power and strengthened the state's military capabilities. Shang Yang's ideas laid the groundwork for the Legalist philosophy, emphasizing the importance of law and the role of the ruler in enforcing it.

Shen Buhai

Shen Buhai (c. 400–337 BCE) was a Chinese bureaucrat and philosopher who contributed to the development of Legalism by focusing on administrative techniques and the importance of a merit-based bureaucracy. He introduced the concept of "shu" (術), or administrative methods, which emphasized the importance of effective governance through proper management and control.

Han Feizi

Han Feizi (c. 280–233 BCE) was a prominent Legalist philosopher and a student of Xunzi. He synthesized the ideas of Shang Yang and Shen Buhai, creating a comprehensive Legalist doctrine. Han Feizi's writings, particularly the text "Han Feizi," are considered the most complete exposition of Legalist thought.

Core Principles

Legalism is characterized by several core principles:

• **Fa (法)**: The law is the foundation of the state, and all citizens, including the ruler, must adhere to it. Laws should be clear, public, and strictly enforced.
• **Shu (術)**: Administrative techniques and methods are essential for effective governance. This includes the use of rewards and punishments to ensure compliance with the law.
• **Shi (勢)**: The power and authority of the ruler are paramount. The ruler must maintain control over the state and its institutions to ensure stability and order.

Impact and Legacy

Legalism had a profound impact on Chinese history, particularly during the Qin Dynasty. The first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, adopted Legalist principles to unify the country and establish a centralized state. The harsh and authoritarian nature of Legalist rule, however, led to widespread discontent and ultimately contributed to the fall of the Qin Dynasty.

Despite its decline, Legalism continued to influence Chinese political thought and governance. Elements of Legalist philosophy can be seen in later dynasties, such as the Han Dynasty, which incorporated Legalist ideas into its Confucian framework.

Related Pages

• Confucianism
• Daoism
• Mohism
• Warring States period
• Qin Dynasty
• Han Dynasty
• Shang Yang
• Shen Buhai
• Han Feizi