Lock in

Locked-in syndrome (LIS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by complete paralysis of voluntary muscles in all parts of the body except for those that control eye movement. Individuals with locked-in syndrome are conscious and can think and reason, but they are unable to speak or move. Communication is typically possible through eye movements or blinking.

Causes

Locked-in syndrome is most often caused by damage to the brainstem, particularly the pons, which can result from a stroke, traumatic brain injury, or medication overdose. Other causes include brainstem tumors, demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, and infections.

Symptoms

The primary symptoms of locked-in syndrome include:

• Complete paralysis of voluntary muscles, except for those controlling eye movement
• Inability to speak
• Preserved consciousness and cognitive function

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of locked-in syndrome is based on clinical evaluation and imaging studies such as MRI and CT scan. It is important to differentiate locked-in syndrome from other conditions such as coma, vegetative state, and Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Treatment

There is no cure for locked-in syndrome, and treatment focuses on supportive care and rehabilitation. This may include:

• Physical therapy to prevent muscle atrophy and maintain joint mobility
• Speech therapy to facilitate communication through alternative means
• Occupational therapy to assist with daily activities

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with locked-in syndrome varies. Some may regain limited motor function, while others may remain completely paralyzed. The quality of life can be improved with appropriate supportive care and rehabilitation.

Related Pages

• Brainstem
• Stroke
• Traumatic brain injury
• Multiple sclerosis
• Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Coma
• Vegetative state