Mahayana

Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Maitreya Detail

Shishoin temple shibamata Five Tathagatas 2020

BuddhistTriad

Seated Avalokiteshvara. Gandharan, from Loriyan Tangai. Kushan period, 1st - 3d century AD. Indian Museum, Calcutta ei05-31

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Mahayana Buddhism is one of the two main branches of Buddhism, the other being Theravada Buddhism. Mahayana, which means "Great Vehicle" in Sanskrit, is known for its broad path towards enlightenment and its inclusivity, aiming for the enlightenment of all beings. Unlike Theravada Buddhism, which focuses on the individual's path to enlightenment, Mahayana Buddhism encourages followers to become Bodhisattvas, enlightened beings who choose to remain in the cycle of samsara (the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth) to help others achieve enlightenment.

Origins and Development

The origins of Mahayana Buddhism are not entirely clear, but it is believed to have developed between the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE in India. It then spread to various parts of Asia, including China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, and Vietnam, each developing its own unique practices and interpretations of Mahayana teachings.

Mahayana texts, known as Sutras, emphasize the importance of compassion and the pursuit of enlightenment for the sake of all beings. The Prajnaparamita Sutras, the Lotus Sutra, and the Heart Sutra are among the most revered Mahayana scriptures.

Key Concepts

Mahayana Buddhism introduces several key concepts that distinguish it from Theravada Buddhism:

- Bodhisattva Path: The ideal of becoming a Bodhisattva, who seeks enlightenment both for themselves and for the benefit of all sentient beings, is central to Mahayana practice. - Sunyata: Often translated as "emptiness," this concept refers to the understanding that all phenomena are empty of inherent existence and interdependent. - Skillful Means: This is the idea that different teachings and practices are tailored to the diverse capacities and circumstances of individuals. - Buddha Nature: The belief that all beings have the potential to achieve enlightenment because they inherently possess the Buddha nature.

Practices

Mahayana Buddhism incorporates a variety of practices, including meditation, chanting, and rituals, aimed at developing insight, compassion, and wisdom. The practice of the Six Paramitas (perfections) is also emphasized, which includes giving, morality, patience, effort, meditation, and wisdom.

Schools of Mahayana Buddhism

There are many schools within Mahayana Buddhism, each with its own interpretations and practices. Some of the major schools include:

- Zen Buddhism: Known for its emphasis on meditation and the direct transmission of insights. - Pure Land Buddhism: Focuses on the chanting of the name of Amitabha Buddha to attain rebirth in the Pure Land, a realm where enlightenment is guaranteed. - Tibetan Buddhism: Incorporates elements of Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism, with a rich tradition of texts, rituals, and monasticism.

Influence

Mahayana Buddhism has had a profound influence on the cultures and societies of Asia, shaping art, architecture, literature, and philosophy. Its teachings on compassion and altruism have also found resonance in the modern world, contributing to discussions on ethics, psychology, and social welfare.