Mast cell activation syndrome
Mast Cell Activation Syndrome
Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS) is a condition characterized by the inappropriate and excessive release of mediators from mast cells, leading to a variety of chronic symptoms. Mast cells are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune system, particularly in allergic reactions and inflammation.
Pathophysiology[edit | edit source]
Mast cells are found in various tissues throughout the body, including the skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and blood vessels. They contain granules rich in histamine, heparin, cytokines, and other mediators. In MCAS, these cells become hyper-responsive and release their contents inappropriately, causing symptoms that can affect multiple organ systems.
Triggers[edit | edit source]
Various factors can trigger mast cell degranulation in individuals with MCAS, including:
- Allergens
- Physical stimuli such as heat or cold
- Stress
- Certain foods and medications
Symptoms[edit | edit source]
The symptoms of MCAS are diverse and can vary greatly between individuals. Common symptoms include:
- Dermatological: Flushing, itching, urticaria (hives)
- Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea
- Cardiovascular: Tachycardia, hypotension
- Respiratory: Wheezing, shortness of breath
- Neurological: Headaches, brain fog
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
Diagnosing MCAS can be challenging due to the variability of symptoms and overlap with other conditions. Diagnosis typically involves:
- Detailed patient history
- Measurement of mast cell mediators in blood or urine, such as tryptase
- Response to treatment with mast cell stabilizers or antihistamines
Treatment[edit | edit source]
Treatment of MCAS focuses on managing symptoms and avoiding triggers. Common approaches include:
- Antihistamines to block the effects of histamine
- Mast cell stabilizers to prevent degranulation
- Avoidance of known triggers
- Dietary modifications
Prognosis[edit | edit source]
The prognosis for individuals with MCAS varies. While some patients may experience significant relief with treatment, others may continue to have chronic symptoms. Ongoing research aims to better understand the condition and improve management strategies.
Also see[edit | edit source]
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD
