Melilotus

Bombus lapidarius - Melilotus officinalis - Tallinn

Apis mellifera - Melilotus albus - Keila

Melilotus, commonly known as sweet clover, is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family Fabaceae. This genus is known for its sweetly scented flowers and has been widely used in traditional medicine, as well as for soil improvement and forage. Melilotus species are found throughout the Northern Hemisphere, indicating their adaptability to various climates and soil types.

Description

Melilotus plants are annual or biennial herbs that typically grow from 0.5 to 2 meters in height. Their leaves are trifoliate, with small, oval leaflets and serrated edges. The plants produce small, pea-like flowers that are usually yellow or white and are arranged in elongated clusters. The fruit is a small pod containing one or two seeds.

Species

There are about 16 to 20 species in the genus, including:

• Melilotus albus – White sweet clover
• Melilotus officinalis – Yellow sweet clover
• Melilotus indicus – Indian sweet clover

Each species has its own specific habitat preferences and growth habits, but all share the characteristic sweet fragrance of their flowers, which is especially noticeable in the evening.

Ecology

Melilotus species play an important role in their ecosystems. They are able to fix nitrogen, thanks to a symbiotic relationship with bacteria in their root nodules. This ability makes them valuable for soil improvement and as a green manure crop. Furthermore, their flowers are a significant source of nectar for bees and other pollinators.

Uses

1. 1. 1. Traditional Medicine ###

In traditional medicine, Melilotus has been used to treat various conditions. Its properties are thought to include anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant effects. Melilotus officinalis, in particular, has been used in the treatment of venous disorders and lymphatic congestion.

1. 1. 1. Agriculture ###

In agriculture, sweet clover is used as a cover crop, forage, and green manure. It improves soil structure and fertility through nitrogen fixation and organic matter addition. However, care must be taken as it can become weedy and is toxic to livestock when moldy due to the presence of coumarin, which can convert to dicoumarol, a potent anticoagulant.

1. 1. 1. Culinary ###

Though not as commonly used in modern cuisine, the flowers and young shoots of Melilotus can be added to salads and other dishes for flavoring.

Cultivation

Melilotus species are relatively easy to cultivate. They prefer full sun and well-drained soils but can tolerate a wide range of soil conditions. They are often sown in the fall or early spring and can be used as part of a crop rotation plan to improve soil health.

Conservation

While many species of Melilotus are common and not considered at risk, habitat destruction and pollution have led to a decline in some areas. Conservation efforts are important to maintain biodiversity and the ecological benefits these plants provide.