Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Histopathological image of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
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Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), also known as mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, is a type of glomerulonephritis characterized by alterations in the glomerular basement membrane, mesangial cell proliferation, and changes in the glomerular capillary walls. It is a rare kidney disorder that can lead to chronic kidney disease.

Pathophysiology

MPGN is primarily caused by immune complex deposition in the glomeruli, leading to inflammation and structural changes. The disease is classified into three types based on the location and nature of these deposits:

• Type I MPGN: Characterized by subendothelial immune complex deposits. It is often associated with infections such as hepatitis C and hepatitis B, as well as autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus.

• Type II MPGN: Also known as dense deposit disease, it involves dense deposits within the glomerular basement membrane. This type is linked to abnormalities in the complement system, particularly the alternative pathway.

• Type III MPGN: Features both subendothelial and subepithelial deposits. It is less common and its pathogenesis is not as well understood.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with MPGN may present with a variety of symptoms, including:

• Hematuria (blood in urine)
• Proteinuria (protein in urine)
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Edema (swelling)
• Reduced kidney function

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of MPGN is typically confirmed through a kidney biopsy, which reveals the characteristic histological changes. Immunofluorescence microscopy can help identify the type of immune deposits present.

Treatment

Treatment of MPGN depends on the underlying cause and may include:

• Immunosuppressive therapy (e.g., corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide)
• Antiviral therapy for associated infections
• Blood pressure control
• Management of complications such as chronic kidney disease

Prognosis

The prognosis of MPGN varies. Some patients may experience a slow progression to end-stage renal disease, while others may have a more stable course. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes.

Also see

• Glomerulonephritis
• Chronic kidney disease
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Systemic lupus erythematosus