Methamphetamine (D-)

D-Methamphetamine is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity. D-Methamphetamine is the dextrorotary form of methamphetamine, a synthetic derivative of amphetamine originally discovered in the early 20th century. It is known for its high potential for addiction and dependence.

Chemistry

D-Methamphetamine belongs to the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It is a chiral compound, with the D-form, also known as dextromethamphetamine, being the more pharmacologically active form compared to its L-form counterpart, levomethamphetamine. D-Methamphetamine is synthesized from precursor substances such as ephedrine or pseudoephedrine through chemical reduction.

Pharmacology

The primary mechanism of action of D-Methamphetamine involves the increased release and decreased reuptake of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain. This results in an increase in synaptic concentration of these neurotransmitters, leading to heightened alertness, increased energy, and euphoria. However, the drug also raises the risk of neurotoxic effects, potentially causing long-term damage to dopamine and serotonin neurons.

Medical Use

D-Methamphetamine is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of ADHD and obesity under the trade name Desoxyn. It is considered a second-line treatment option, typically prescribed only when other medications have failed to produce effective results. The use of D-Methamphetamine for these conditions is highly regulated due to its potential for abuse and addiction.

Recreational Use

Recreationally, D-Methamphetamine is used for its potent euphoric effects. It is consumed in various forms, including powder and crystalline (the latter known as "crystal meth"), through routes such as snorting, smoking, or injection. Recreational use carries significant health risks, including the potential for overdose, addiction, and severe psychological and physical health issues.

Health Risks

Chronic use of D-Methamphetamine can lead to severe psychological and physical health problems, including addiction, heart disease, stroke, and cognitive impairments. The drug's neurotoxic effects can also lead to long-term damage to the brain's dopamine and serotonin systems, potentially resulting in symptoms similar to those of Parkinson's disease and depression.

Legal Status

D-Methamphetamine is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act, indicating a high potential for abuse and dependence but also recognized medical use. Its legal status varies internationally, with many countries strictly regulating its production, distribution, and use.