Methylenedioxyamphetamine

Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), also known as 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, is a psychoactive drug and entactogen of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It is known for its entactogenic properties, which means it promotes feelings of emotional closeness and empathy. MDA is structurally related to other well-known compounds such as MDMA (ecstasy) and MDEA (Eve).

Chemistry

MDA is a derivative of amphetamine, possessing a methylenedioxy group (CH2O2) attached to the benzene ring. This methylenedioxy group increases the compound's affinity for serotonin receptors, contributing to its unique pharmacological effects. The chemical formula for MDA is C10H13NO2.

Pharmacology

The primary action of MDA is as a serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent, which leads to an increase in the levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain. The elevated serotonin levels are primarily responsible for the drug's entactogenic effects, while increased dopamine and norepinephrine levels contribute to its stimulant properties.

MDA also acts as a serotonin receptor agonist, directly stimulating serotonin receptors, further enhancing its psychoactive effects. Its action on these neurotransmitter systems contributes to the drug's mood-lifting, empathogenic, and euphoric effects.

Effects

The effects of MDA include increased energy, euphoria, enhanced sensory perception, and increased empathy and emotional closeness. However, it can also lead to negative effects such as anxiety, paranoia, and hallucinations. The effects typically last between 4 to 6 hours, depending on the dose and individual metabolism.

Risks and Safety

MDA is known to be neurotoxic to serotonin neurons in the brain, which can lead to long-term psychological and cognitive deficits. It also poses significant risks of overheating (hyperthermia), dehydration, and heart problems due to its stimulant properties. As with many illicit drugs, the lack of regulation means that purity and dosage can vary significantly, increasing the risk of overdose.

Legal Status

MDA is a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act, meaning it is illegal to manufacture, buy, possess, or distribute without a DEA license. The legal status of MDA varies by country, but it is controlled in many jurisdictions due to its potential for abuse and harm.

See Also

• MDMA
• Psychedelic drug
• Amphetamine
• Phenethylamine