Mycobacteroides abscessus

Mycobacteroides abscessus is a species of bacteria belonging to the genus Mycobacteroides within the family Mycobacteriaceae. It is a rapidly growing mycobacterium that is often found in water, soil, and dust. It can cause a range of infections, primarily affecting the lungs, skin, and soft tissues. Due to its multidrug-resistant nature, Mycobacteroides abscessus infections are challenging to treat and can be a significant concern in clinical settings, especially for individuals with underlying health conditions such as cystic fibrosis or those who are immunocompromised.

Characteristics

Mycobacteroides abscessus is characterized by its rapid growth rate compared to other mycobacteria, such as those that cause tuberculosis or leprosy. It is a non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) and is considered an opportunistic pathogen. The bacteria are Gram-positive, acid-fast, and have a rod-shaped morphology. They can form colonies on laboratory media within a week, which is faster than many other mycobacteria.

Infections

Infections caused by Mycobacteroides abscessus can be difficult to diagnose and treat. The bacterium can infect various parts of the body, but lung infections are among the most common, particularly in individuals with pre-existing lung conditions like cystic fibrosis. Skin and soft tissue infections often occur after surgical procedures, injections, or injuries that introduce the bacteria into the body. In rare cases, it can lead to disseminated infections, affecting multiple organs.

Lung Infections

Lung infections caused by Mycobacteroides abscessus are characterized by symptoms such as chronic cough, fever, weight loss, and fatigue. These infections can be particularly severe in individuals with cystic fibrosis or other chronic lung diseases, leading to a decline in lung function.

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Skin and soft tissue infections may present as abscesses, cellulitis, or wound infections. These infections are often associated with medical procedures, such as injections, surgery, or the use of medical devices that breach the skin barrier.

Treatment

Treatment of Mycobacteroides abscessus infections is complicated by the bacterium's intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics. A combination of antibiotics over an extended period is typically required to treat infections effectively. The choice of antibiotics and the duration of treatment depend on the site and severity of the infection. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue.

Epidemiology

Mycobacteroides abscessus is widely distributed in the environment, including natural and man-made water systems, soil, and dust. Infections are more common in individuals with underlying health conditions, particularly those affecting the lungs or the immune system. The incidence of Mycobacteroides abscessus infections has been increasing, possibly due to improved detection methods and an increasing number of individuals with predisposing conditions.

Prevention

Preventive measures for Mycobacteroides abscessus infections include avoiding exposure to environments where the bacterium is likely to be found, especially for individuals at higher risk of infection. In healthcare settings, strict adherence to infection control practices can help prevent the spread of the bacterium.