Near-death experience

Near-death experience (NDE) is a profound psychological event that may occur to a person close to death or, if not dying, in a situation of physical or emotional crisis. Because it includes transcendental and mystical elements, an NDE is a powerful event of consciousness; it is not considered a medical event per se. The term was coined by psychiatrist Raymond Moody in his 1975 book Life After Life. Many in the scientific community regard these experiences as hallucinatory, while paranormal specialists view them as evidence of an afterlife.

Characteristics

NDEs are reported across cultures and can vary widely in their description and interpretation. Common elements often include an out-of-body experience (OBE), feelings of tranquility, seeing a bright light, a sense of detachment from the body, rapid movement through a long dark tunnel, and entering an otherworldly realm. Encounters with deceased relatives and spiritual beings are also reported. Some individuals recount a life review, during which they see or relive certain events from their life.

Causes

The causes of NDEs are not well understood. Several medical, psychological, and neurological explanations have been proposed, including hypoxia (lack of oxygen to the brain), anoxia (total absence of oxygen), and the release of endorphins (brain chemicals which reduce pain and induce feelings of well-being). Psychological theories suggest that NDEs are a form of depersonalization or a coping mechanism to deal with the stress of a life-threatening situation.

Research

Research into NDEs has been both scientific and clinical. Studies have focused on understanding the physiological and psychological bases of NDEs, their impact on individuals' lives, and their implications for concepts of consciousness and the afterlife. Despite the growing body of anecdotal reports, there is no consensus in the scientific community about the causes or meanings of NDEs.

Cultural Impact

NDEs have had a significant impact on popular culture, influencing books, movies, and the New Age movement. They have also sparked interest in the study of consciousness and the possibility of life after death. The phenomenon has led to the formation of support groups and research organizations, such as the International Association for Near-Death Studies (IANDS).

Criticism and Skepticism

Critics argue that NDEs can be explained by brain chemistry and psychological responses to stress. Skeptics point to the lack of empirical evidence supporting the supernatural interpretations of NDEs and caution against accepting anecdotal reports as fact.

See also

• Out-of-body experience
• Life after death
• Consciousness
• Paranormal