Nerve agents

Nerve agents are a class of phosphorus-containing organic chemicals that disrupt the mechanisms by which nerves transfer messages to organs. The disruption is caused by the inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is essential for the nervous system to function properly. Nerve agents are one of the most toxic and rapidly acting types of chemical warfare agents.

Types of Nerve Agents

Nerve agents can be classified into two main groups: G-series and V-series. The G-series, including agents such as Sarin (GB), Soman (GD), and Tabun (GA), were developed before and during World War II. The V-series, including agents such as VX, were developed later, in the 1950s and 1960s.

Mechanism of Action

Nerve agents act by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme is responsible for breaking down acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that transmits signals across nerve junctions. When acetylcholinesterase is inhibited, acetylcholine accumulates in the synaptic cleft, leading to continuous stimulation of the muscles, glands, and central nervous system. This results in a range of symptoms, from blurred vision and excessive salivation to convulsions, paralysis, and eventually death due to respiratory failure.

Symptoms and Treatment

Exposure to nerve agents can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the amount and route of exposure. Symptoms may include muscle twitching, weakness, breathing difficulties, and excessive secretions such as saliva and sweat. Treatment for nerve agent poisoning includes the administration of atropine, a drug that counteracts the effects of excessive acetylcholine, and pralidoxime (2-PAM), which reactivates acetylcholinesterase. Immediate medical attention is critical for survival.

Detection and Protection

Detection of nerve agents is possible through various chemical detection methods and protective measures include the use of chemical protective suits and gas masks. Decontamination of affected areas and individuals is also a critical step in managing nerve agent exposure.

Historical Use

Nerve agents have been used in several conflicts and terrorist attacks throughout history. One of the most notorious incidents was the Tokyo subway sarin attack in 1995, where members of the cult Aum Shinrikyo released sarin gas in the Tokyo subway system, killing 13 people and injuring thousands.

International Regulation

The production and stockpiling of nerve agents are prohibited under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), an international treaty that came into effect in 1997. The CWC aims to eliminate chemical weapons and prevent their use, through measures such as the destruction of existing stockpiles and verification of compliance by member states.

See Also

• Chemical warfare
• Biological warfare
• Chemical Weapons Convention