Norwegian language

Norwegian keyboard by Dell

Målformer i Norge

Norske Målgreiner

Norwegian language is a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is the official language. Alongside Sami languages and Kven language, Norwegian forms the linguistic tapestry of the nation. It is divided into two distinct forms: Bokmål and Nynorsk. Bokmål is the more commonly used form, while Nynorsk is used in certain areas of the country. The Norwegian language has its roots in the Old Norse language, which was spoken by the Vikings and is closely related to other Scandinavian languages such as Swedish and Danish.

History

The history of the Norwegian language can be traced back to the Viking Age, where the Old Norse language began to diverge into what we now recognize as the modern Scandinavian languages. In the Middle Ages, the Danish influence on Norway led to the adoption of a written standard based on the Danish language, which persisted until the 19th century. The modern era of the Norwegian language began with the work of language scholars like Ivar Aasen, who created Nynorsk as a standard based on Norwegian dialects, in contrast to the Danish-influenced Bokmål.

Dialects

Norwegian is known for its wide variety of dialects, which can vary significantly even over short distances. These dialects are generally divided into four main groups: Northern, Central, Western, and Eastern Norwegian dialects. Despite the differences, there is a mutual intelligibility among the dialects, which is reinforced by the standardization of Bokmål and Nynorsk.

Written Forms

The Norwegian language has two official written forms: Bokmål and Nynorsk. Bokmål, the more prevalent of the two, is used by approximately 85-90% of the population. It is closely related to Danish due to historical ties. Nynorsk, on the other hand, was developed in the 19th century based on Norwegian dialects and is used mainly in the western and central parts of Norway. The Norwegian government supports both forms, and the use of each is regulated in public administration, schools, and media.

Grammar

Norwegian grammar is similar to that of other Scandinavian languages, featuring a simple morphological structure. The language has two genders (common and neuter) in Bokmål and three in Nynorsk (masculine, feminine, and neuter). Verbs are conjugated according to tense but not person or number, and the sentence structure typically follows a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) order.

Vocabulary

The vocabulary of the Norwegian language is predominantly derived from Old Norse, with significant borrowings from Middle Low German, French, and English, among other languages. There are often two sets of vocabulary words, one used in Bokmål and another in Nynorsk, reflecting the language's dual written standard.

Language Policy

The Norwegian government has implemented policies to support and regulate the use of Norwegian, particularly through the Language Council of Norway and the Norwegian Language Act. These policies aim to preserve the Norwegian language, promote the use of both Bokmål and Nynorsk, and protect the linguistic diversity of the country.

Conclusion

The Norwegian language, with its rich history, diverse dialects, and dual written forms, plays a crucial role in the cultural identity of Norway. It reflects the country's history and societal changes and continues to evolve. As a living language, Norwegian adapts to the dynamics of modern society while maintaining its unique characteristics.