On Narcissism

On Narcissism: An Introduction is a seminal work in the field of psychology and psychoanalysis, written by Sigmund Freud in 1914. The essay marks a significant turning point in Freud's theoretical approach, introducing the concept of the ego as a major agency in the mind, distinct from the id and the superego. This work lays the groundwork for many of Freud's later theories, particularly those relating to the structure of the personality, the dynamics of self-esteem, and the development of narcissistic disorders.

Overview

On Narcissism: An Introduction begins with a discussion of the concept of narcissism in the context of sexual development. Freud posits that narcissism is an original state from which the libido moves to objects outside the self. He distinguishes between primary narcissism, a self-directed libido in infancy, and secondary narcissism, which occurs when the libido withdraws from objects outside the self and focuses back on the ego.

Freud further explores the role of narcissism in the development of the ego and its relation to object-choice, suggesting that there are two types of object-choice: the anaclitic (attachment) type and the narcissistic type. In the former, the choice of a love object is based on the pattern of the infant's attachment to its mother; in the latter, the love object is chosen based on the individual's own narcissistic projections.

The essay also delves into the pathological aspects of narcissism, particularly in relation to what Freud later terms the narcissistic personality disorder. He discusses how excessive narcissism can lead to a withdrawal from social interactions and a failure to develop healthy interpersonal relationships.

Impact and Legacy

On Narcissism: An Introduction has had a profound impact on the field of psychoanalysis and psychology, influencing not only Freud's own later work but also that of many other theorists. The concepts introduced in this essay, such as the ego, primary and secondary narcissism, and the mechanisms of object-choice, have become foundational in psychoanalytic theory and practice.

The work has also sparked considerable debate and further research into the nature of narcissism, its origins, and its manifestations in both normal development and psychopathology. It has led to a deeper understanding of the complexities of the self and its relation to others, contributing to the development of therapeutic approaches for narcissistic disorders.

See Also

• Ego psychology
• Narcissistic personality disorder
• Psychosexual development
• Sigmund Freud