On Narcissism

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On Narcissism

On Narcissism is a seminal essay written by Sigmund Freud in 1914. This work is considered one of Freud's most important contributions to the field of psychoanalysis. In this essay, Freud introduces the concept of narcissism and explores its implications for psychology and psychiatry.

Background

Freud's interest in narcissism was influenced by his earlier work on libido theory and the study of psychosexual development. He sought to understand how self-love and self-regard play a role in the development of the ego and the id.

Key Concepts

Primary Narcissism

Freud describes primary narcissism as the initial state of a newborn, where the libido is directed inward towards the self. This stage is characterized by a lack of differentiation between the self and the external world.

Secondary Narcissism

Secondary narcissism occurs when the libido, which was previously directed towards external objects, is redirected back to the self. This can happen in response to trauma, loss, or other significant life events. Secondary narcissism is often associated with narcissistic personality disorder.

Ego Ideal

Freud introduces the concept of the ego ideal, which represents the internalized standards and aspirations that individuals strive to achieve. The ego ideal is formed through the process of identification with parents and other significant figures during childhood.

Object Relations

In "On Narcissism," Freud also discusses the importance of object relations in the development of the self. He explains how individuals form emotional bonds with others and how these relationships influence their sense of self-worth and identity.

Implications for Psychoanalysis

Freud's exploration of narcissism had significant implications for the field of psychoanalysis. It provided a framework for understanding various mental disorders, including depression, schizophrenia, and borderline personality disorder. Freud's work on narcissism also laid the groundwork for later developments in object relations theory and self psychology.

Criticism and Legacy

While Freud's essay on narcissism was groundbreaking, it has also faced criticism from later theorists and researchers. Some have argued that Freud's concepts are too focused on pathology and do not adequately account for healthy forms of self-love and self-esteem. Despite these criticisms, "On Narcissism" remains a foundational text in the study of psychoanalysis and continues to influence contemporary theories of personality and mental health.

See Also

• Sigmund Freud
• Psychoanalysis
• Narcissistic personality disorder
• Libido
• Ego
• Id
• Object relations theory
• Self psychology