PRECEDE–PROCEED model

PRECEDE–PROCEED model is a comprehensive structure used in the planning and evaluation of public health programs. It serves as a guide for the development of health interventions by emphasizing the importance of assessment, policy development, and assurance in addressing health and quality of life issues. The model is divided into two main phases: PRECEDE (Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational/Environmental Diagnosis and Evaluation) and PROCEED (Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development).

Overview

The PRECEDE–PROCEED model was developed by Dr. Lawrence W. Green and Dr. Marshall W. Kreuter in the 1970s as a framework to help health program planners, policy makers, and evaluators analyze situations and design health programs efficiently. The model is rooted in the belief that health and health risks are caused by multiple factors and that effective interventions must target these multiple determinants of health.

Phases

The model consists of eight phases, which are divided into the PRECEDE and PROCEED components.

PRECEDE

1. Social Assessment - This phase involves identifying the desired quality of life or health outcomes for a community or population.
2. Epidemiological Assessment - Identifies the health issues that are most important to the community and determines their causes.
3. Behavioral and Environmental Assessment - Focuses on the behaviors and environmental conditions that need to be changed to improve health outcomes.
4. Educational and Ecological Assessment - Identifies the predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors that can be modified through intervention.
5. Administrative and Policy Assessment - Involves identifying the resources, policies, and circumstances that can facilitate or hinder the proposed interventions.

PROCEED

1. Implementation - The selected strategies and interventions are put into action.
2. Process Evaluation - Monitors the implementation of the program to ensure it is being conducted as planned.
3. Impact Evaluation - Assesses the immediate effects of the intervention on the target population.
4. Outcome Evaluation - Measures the long-term effects of the intervention on the health and well-being of the target population.

Application

The PRECEDE–PROCEED model has been applied in a wide range of health promotion and disease prevention programs, including those targeting chronic diseases, environmental health issues, and community health promotion. Its comprehensive nature allows for its application in diverse settings and populations, making it a versatile tool for public health professionals.

Advantages

The model's structured approach helps ensure that health programs are based on a thorough understanding of the targeted health issue and its determinants. It encourages the involvement of stakeholders at every stage of program development and emphasizes the importance of evaluation to inform future interventions.

Limitations

One of the criticisms of the PRECEDE–PROCEED model is its complexity and the time required to complete all its phases. Additionally, the model requires significant data collection and analysis, which can be resource-intensive.

Conclusion

The PRECEDE–PROCEED model remains a foundational framework in the field of public health for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of health promotion programs. Its comprehensive approach to addressing health issues through a multi-faceted lens ensures that interventions are well-informed and tailored to the specific needs of the target population.