Phenology

Phenology is the study of periodic plant and animal life cycle events and how these are influenced by seasonal and interannual variations in climate, as well as habitat factors (such as elevation). The word is derived from the Greek φαίνω (phainō), "to show, to bring to light, make to appear" + λόγος (logos), amongst others "study, discourse, reasoning" and indicates that phenology has been principally concerned with the dates of first occurrence of biological events in their annual cycle.

Overview

Phenological phenomena are periodic biological occurrences that can be frequently and widely observed. Examples include leafing and flowering, maturation of agricultural plants, emergence of insects, and migration of birds.

History

Phenology has been a subject of interest since ancient times, primarily in the observation of first arrivals, which signal the arrival of spring. Records of these events have been kept for many centuries.

Phenological research

Phenological research has provided scientists with valuable insights into the functioning of the Earth System. It has important applications in biogeography, ecology, meteorology and agriculture. An important aspect of phenology is measuring the timing of such life cycle events. Scientists use such data to learn more about the health of ecosystems and to guide management decisions in agriculture, wildlife and conservation.

Phenological shifts

Phenological shifts, changes in the timing of life cycle events, have been linked to climate change. Many plants are flowering earlier in the spring and leafing out sooner. This can have cascading effects on ecosystems, affecting herbivores, pollinators, and predators.

See also

• Biogeography
• Ecology
• Meteorology
• Agriculture
• Climate change

References

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  Phenology
• A male Broad-tailed Hummingbird visits a scarlet gilia flower at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in Colorado
  A male Broad-tailed Hummingbird visits a scarlet gilia flower at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in Colorado