Pigment

Pigment

Various natural pigments used in India.

A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption. This physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, in which a material emits light. Many materials selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light. Materials that humans have chosen and developed for use as pigments usually have special properties that make them ideal for coloring other materials.

Properties

Simple reflectance of light from a surface.

The most important physical property of a pigment is its color, which is determined by the specific wavelengths of light it absorbs and reflects. Pigments are used in a variety of applications, including paint, ink, plastic, fabric, cosmetics, and food.

Pigments must have a high tinting strength relative to the materials they color. They must also be stable in solid form at ambient temperatures. For industrial applications, as well as in the arts, pigments must be stable at high temperatures.

Types of Pigments

Natural Pigments

Natural pigments are derived from mineral, plant, or animal sources. Historically, they were the only source of color for artists and craftsmen. Examples include ochre, charcoal, and lapis lazuli.

Natural ultramarine pigment derived from lapis lazuli.

Synthetic Pigments

Synthetic pigments are man-made and have been developed to provide a wider range of colors and improved properties. They are often more stable and less expensive than natural pigments.

Synthetic ultramarine pigment.

Historical Use

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Girl with a Pearl Earring by Johannes Vermeer, showcasing the use of pigments in art.

Pigments have been used since prehistoric times. Early humans used natural pigments for cave paintings. In ancient Egypt, pigments were used for cosmetics and art. During the Renaissance, artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo used pigments to create masterpieces.

The Milkmaid by Johannes Vermeer.

Modern Applications

Today, pigments are used in a wide range of applications beyond art, including industrial coatings, plastics, and cosmetics. Advances in chemistry have led to the development of pigments with specific properties, such as UV resistance and antimicrobial properties.

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Structure of copper phthalocyanine, a synthetic pigment.

Pigments in Art

Assumption of the Virgin by Titian, illustrating the use of vibrant pigments.

Artists have long relied on pigments to create visual effects in their work. The choice of pigment can affect the texture, opacity, and gloss of a painting. Some famous pigments include cobalt blue, cadmium red, and titanium white.

Miracle of the Slave by Tintoretto.

Related Pages

• Dye
• Paint
• Color theory
• Art conservation