Plasmodium ovale

Plasmodium ovale
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Plasmodium ovale is a protozoan parasite and one of the species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. It is less common than Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, and is primarily found in West Africa, although it has also been reported in Southeast Asia and South America.

Life Cycle

The life cycle of Plasmodium ovale involves two hosts: the Anopheles mosquito and humans. The sporozoite form of the parasite is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. Once in the human host, the sporozoites travel to the liver, where they mature into schizonts, which then release merozoites into the bloodstream. These merozoites infect red blood cells, leading to the clinical symptoms of malaria.

Clinical Features

Infection with Plasmodium ovale typically results in a milder form of malaria compared to P. falciparum. Symptoms include fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain. The fever pattern is often tertian, occurring every 48 hours. Complications are rare but can include anemia and splenomegaly.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Plasmodium ovale infection is primarily through microscopic examination of a blood smear, where the characteristic oval-shaped trophozoites and schizonts can be identified. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests can also be used for more accurate identification.

Treatment

The treatment for Plasmodium ovale malaria involves the use of antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine and primaquine. Primaquine is particularly important for eradicating the hypnozoite stage in the liver, which can cause relapses if not treated.

Prevention

Preventive measures include mosquito control strategies such as the use of insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying. Travelers to endemic areas may also take prophylactic medication to reduce the risk of infection.

See Also

• Malaria
• Plasmodium falciparum
• Plasmodium vivax
• Anopheles mosquito

External Links

• CDC Malaria
• WHO Malaria