Pyruvate

Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, which is converted into acetyl coenzyme A that enters the Krebs cycle when there is sufficient oxygen available. When the oxygen is insufficient, pyruvate is broken down anaerobically, creating lactate in animals and ethanol in yeast. Pyruvate is a key intersection in the network of metabolic pathways.

Structure

Pyruvate is a 3-carbon molecule. It consists of a carboxyl group, a ketone group, and a hydrocarbon group. The carboxyl group is removed and given off as carbon dioxide in the transition from pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A.

Role in Metabolism

Pyruvate plays a crucial role in metabolism. It can lead to different metabolic pathways based on the conditions within the cell. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters the mitochondria where it is oxidized by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to produce acetyl CoA. This molecule then enters the Krebs cycle, where it is further oxidized to produce ATP, the cell's main energy currency.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate undergoes fermentation. In animals, it is converted to lactate, while in yeast and bacteria, it is converted to ethanol. This process regenerates NAD+, which is required for the continuation of glycolysis.

Clinical Significance

Abnormal pyruvate metabolism can lead to a variety of medical conditions. For example, pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is a genetic disorder that prevents the normal breakdown of pyruvate, leading to a buildup of lactate and resulting in lactic acidosis. This condition can cause neurological problems, including developmental delay and seizures.

Pyruvate Resources
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