Food industry

The industry concerned with the food ingredients, including processing, preparing, preserving, distributing, and serving of foods and beverages.

Glossary

• ADA -  an enzyme found in mammals that can catalyze the deamination of adenosine into inosine and ammonia

• ADHD -  a condition (mostly in boys) characterized by behavioral and learning disorders

• advertising -  the business of drawing public attention to goods and services; a public promotion of some product or service

• aerobics -  exercise that increases the need for oxygen

• AFL-CIO -  the largest federation of North American labor unions; formed in 1955

• Agreement -  compatibility of observations; the thing arranged or agreed to; the statement (oral or written) of an exchange of promises; the verbal act of agreeing; the determination of grammatical inflection on the basis of word relations; harmony of people's opinions or actions or characters

• agribusiness -  a large-scale farming enterprise

• Alar -  having or resembling wings; of or relating to the axil;  a chemical sprayed on fruit trees to regulate their growth so the entire crop can be harvested at one time

• also - adv. in addition

• Amazon -  mainly green tropical American parrots; a major South American river; arises in the Andes and flows eastward into the South Atlantic; the world's 2nd longest river (4000 miles); (Greek mythology) one of a nation of women warriors of Scythia (who burned off the right breast in order to use a bow and arrow more effectively); a large strong and aggressive woman

• APHIS -  type genus of the Aphididae: injurious to fruit trees and vegetables

• ARA -  macaws; a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Telescopium and Norma

• Armour -  tough more-or-less rigid protective covering of an animal or plant; protective covering made of metal and used in combat; a military unit consisting of armored fighting vehicles; verb equip with armor

• Arthur -  a legendary king of the Britons (possibly based on a historical figure in the 6th century but the story has been retold too many times to be sure); said to have led the Knights of the Round Table at Camelot; elected vice president and became 21st President of the United States when Garfield was assassinated (1830-1886)

• ASEAN -  an association of nations dedicated to economic and political cooperation in southeastern Asia and who joined with the United States to fight against global terrorism

• Association -  the act of consorting with or joining with others; the process of bringing ideas or events together in memory or imagination; (ecology) a group of organisms (plants and animals) that live together in a certain geographical region and constitute a community with a few dominant species; a formal organization of people or groups of people; (chemistry) any process of combination (especially in solution) that depends on relatively weak chemical bonding; a relation resulting from interaction or dependence; the state of being connected together as in memory or imagination; a social or business relationship

• astronaut -  a person trained to travel in a spacecraft

• baby -  a project of personal concern to someone; a very young mammal; (slang) sometimes used as a term of address for attractive young women; the youngest member of a group (not necessarily young); a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk; an immature childish person; verb treat with excessive indulgence

• bacteria -  (microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered plants

• Bayer -  the acetylated derivative of salicylic acid; used as an analgesic anti-inflammatory drug (trade names Bayer and Empirin) usually taken in tablet form; used as an antipyretic; slows clotting of the blood by poisoning platelets

• beef -  cattle that are reared for their meat; meat from an adult domestic bovine; informal terms for objecting; verb complain

• beef -  cattle that are reared for their meat; meat from an adult domestic bovine; informal terms for objecting; verb complain

• beer -  a general name for alcoholic beverages made by fermenting a cereal (or mixture of cereals) flavored with hops

• Ben -  a mountain or tall hill

• Benjamin -  (Old Testament) the youngest and best-loved son of Jacob and Rachel and one of the twelve forebears of the tribes of Israel; gum resin used especially in treating skin irritation

• bioterrorism -  terrorism using the weapons of biological warfare

• Boston Tea Party -  demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor; organized as a protest against taxes on tea

• branding -  the act of stigmatizing

• Brazil -  the largest Latin American country and the largest Portuguese speaking country in the world; located in the central and northeastern part of South America; world's leading coffee exporter; three-sided tropical American nut with white oily meat and hard brown shell

• Brown -  (of skin) deeply suntanned; of a color similar to that of wood or earth;  an orange of low brightness and saturation; abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858); Scottish botanist who first observed the movement of small particles in fluids now known a Brownian motion (1773-1858); a university in Rhode Island; verb fry in a pan until it changes color

• BSE -  a fatal disease of cattle that affects the central nervous system; causes staggering and agitation

• bubble -  a dome-shaped covering made of transparent glass or plastic; an impracticable and illusory idea; a hollow globule of gas (e.g., air or carbon dioxide); a speculative scheme that depends on unstable factors that the planner cannot control; verb form, produce, or emit bubbles; expel gas from the stomach; flow in an irregular current with a bubbling noise

• Burt -  English psychologist whose studies of twins were later said to have used fabricated data (1883-1971)

• butter -  an edible emulsion of fat globules made by churning milk or cream; for cooking and table use; a fighter who strikes the opponent with his head; verb spread butter on

• candy -  a rich sweet made of flavored sugar and often combined with fruit or nuts; verb coat with something sweet, such as a hard sugar glaze

• cards -  a game played with playing cards

• catering -  providing food and services

• caviar -  salted roe of sturgeon or other large fish; usually served as an hors d'oeuvre

• celebrity -  a widely known person; the state or quality of being widely honored and acclaimed

• cereal -  made of grain or relating to grain or the plants that produce it;  a breakfast food prepared from grain; grass whose starchy grains are used as food: wheat; rice; rye; oats; maize; buckwheat; millet; foodstuff prepared from the starchy grains of cereal grasses

• cheese -  a solid food prepared from the pressed curd of milk; erect or decumbent Old World perennial with axillary clusters of rosy-purple flowers; introduced in United States; verb wind onto a cheese; used in the imperative (get away, or stop it)

• Chevron -  an inverted V-shaped charge; V-shaped sleeve badge indicating military rank and service

• childhood -  the state of a child between infancy and adolescence; the time of person's life when they are a child

• chocolate -  a medium brown to dark-brown color; a food made from roasted ground cacao beans; a beverage made from cocoa powder and milk and sugar; usually drunk hot

• cholesterol -  an animal sterol that is normally synthesized by the liver; the most abundant steroid in animal tissues

• citrus -  any of numerous fruits of the genus Citrus having thick rind and juicy pulp; grown in warm regions; any of numerous tropical usually thorny evergreen trees of the genus Citrus having leathery evergreen leaves and widely cultivated for their juicy edible fruits having leathery aromatic rinds

• cloning -  a general term for the research activity that creates a copy of some biological entity (a gene or organism or cell)

• Coca Cola -  Coca Cola is a trademarked cola

• coffee -  a beverage consisting of an infusion of ground coffee beans; any of several small trees and shrubs native to the tropical Old World yielding coffee beans; a medium brown to dark-brown color; a seed of the coffee tree; ground to make coffee

• coffee -  a beverage consisting of an infusion of ground coffee beans; any of several small trees and shrubs native to the tropical Old World yielding coffee beans; a medium brown to dark-brown color; a seed of the coffee tree; ground to make coffee

• conduction -  the transmission of heat or electricity or sound

• Congress -  the legislature of the United States government; a meeting of elected or appointed representatives; a national legislative assembly; the act of sexual procreation between a man and a woman; the man's penis is inserted into the woman's vagina and excited until orgasm and ejaculation occur

• Constellation -  a configuration of stars as seen from the earth; an arrangement of parts or elements

• consumerism -  a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers; the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically beneficial

• convection -  the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by molecular motion; (meteorology) the vertical movement of heat or other properties by massive motion within the atmosphere

• cookbook -  a book of recipes and cooking directions

• cooking -  the act of preparing something (as food) by the application of heat

• copyright -  a document granting exclusive right to publish and sell literary or musical or artistic work; verb secure a copyright on a written work

• corn -  something sentimental or trite; ears of corn grown for human food; tall annual cereal grass bearing kernels on large ears: widely cultivated in America in many varieties; the principal cereal in Mexico and Central and South America since pre-Columbian times; (Great Britain) any of various cereal plants (especially the dominant crop of the region--wheat in England or oats in Scotland and Ireland); the dried grains or kernels or corn used as animal feed or ground for meal; a hard thickening of the skin (especially on the top or sides of the toes) caused by the pressure of ill-fitting shoes; whiskey distilled from a mash of not less than 80 percent corn; verb preserve with salt; feed (cattle) with corn

• corporate -  organized and maintained as a legal corporation; done by or characteristic of individuals acting together; of or belonging to a corporation; possessing or existing in bodily form

• Corporation -  a business firm whose articles of incorporation have been approved in some state; slang for a paunch

• cream -  toiletry consisting of any of various substances in the form of a thick liquid that have a soothing and moisturizing effect when applied to the skin; the part of milk containing the butterfat; the best people or things in a group; verb add cream to one's coffee, for example; put on cream, as on one's face or body; beat thoroughly and conclusively in a competition or fight; make creamy by beating; remove from the surface

• dairy -  a farm where dairy products are produced

• daminozide -  a chemical sprayed on fruit trees to regulate their growth so the entire crop can be harvested at one time

• DDT -  an insecticide that is also toxic to animals and humans; banned in the United States since 1972

• deforestation -  the removal of trees; the state of being clear of trees

• delicatessen -  a shop selling ready-to-eat food products; ready-to-eat food products

• delivery -  the act of delivering a child; the act of delivering or distributing something (as goods or mail); the voluntary transfer of something (title or possession) from one party to another; the event of giving birth; recovery or preservation from loss or danger; (baseball) the act of throwing a baseball by a pitcher to a batter; your characteristic style or manner of expressing yourself orally

• deregulation -  the act of freeing from regulation (especially from governmental regulations)

• diet -  the act of restricting your food intake (or your intake of particular foods); the usual food and drink consumed by an organism (person or animal); a prescribed selection of foods; a legislative assembly in certain countries (e.g., Japan); verb eat sparingly, for health reasons or to lose weight; follow a regimen or a diet, as for health reasons

• Diner -  a restaurant that resembles a dining car; a person eating a meal (especially in a restaurant); a passenger car where food is served in transit

• Dole -  money received from the state; a share of money or food or clothing that has been charitably given

• ecoterrorism -  violence carried out to further the political or social objectives of the environmentalists

• education -  the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university); the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill; the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior); the gradual process of acquiring knowledge; knowledge acquired by learning and instruction; the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979

• eggs -  oval reproductive body of a fowl (especially a hen) used as food

• Eleven -  being one more than ten;  the cardinal number that is the sum of ten and one; a team that plays football

• encephalopathy -  any disorder or disease of the brain

• EPA -  an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment

• Equal -  well matched; having the same quantity, value, or measure as another; equal in amount or value;  a person who is of equal standing with another in a group; verb make equal, uniform, corresponding, or matching; be identical or equivalent to; be equal to in quality or ability

• ethanol -  the intoxicating agent in fermented and distilled liquors; used pure or denatured as a solvent or in medicines and colognes and cleaning solutions and rocket fuel; proposed as a renewable clean-burning additive to gasoline

• Europe -  the nations of the European continent collectively; the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use `Europe' to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles; an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

• European Union -  an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

• fair trade -  trade that is conducted legally

• family -  primary social group; parents and children; people descended from a common ancestor; a social unit living together; (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera; an association of people who share common beliefs or activities; a collection of things sharing a common attribute; a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities; a person having kinship with another or others

• famine -  a severe shortage of food (as through crop failure) resulting in violent hunger and starvation and death; an acute insufficiency

• farming -  relating to rural matters;  agriculture considered as an occupation or way of life; the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock

• fat -  a chubby body; having much flesh (especially fat); marked by great fruitfulness; lucrative; having a relatively large diameter; containing or composed of fat;  a soft greasy substance occurring in organic tissue and consisting of a mixture of lipids (mostly triglycerides); excess bodily weight; a kind of body tissue containing stored fat that serves as a source of energy; it also cushions and insulates vital organs; verb make fat or plump

• FBI -  a federal law enforcement agency that is the principal investigative arm of the Department of Justice

• FDA -  a federal agency in the Department of Health and Human Services established to regulate the release of new foods and health-related products

• fermentation -  a process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances; especially, the anaerobic breakdown of sugar into alcohol; a state of agitation or turbulent change or development

• fiber -  a leatherlike material made by compressing layers of paper or cloth; a slender and greatly elongated solid substance; the inherent complex of attributes that determine a persons moral and ethical actions and reactions

• fish -  any of various mostly cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates usually having scales and breathing through gills; the flesh of fish used as food; the twelfth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about February 19 to March 20; (astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Pisces; verb catch or try to catch fish or shellfish; seek indirectly

• foie gras -  a pate made from goose liver (marinated in Cognac) and truffles

• fondant -  candy made of a thick creamy sugar paste

• food -  any substance that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue; anything that provides mental stimulus for thinking; any solid substance (as opposed to liquid) that is used as a source of nourishment

• food coloring -  a digestible substance used to give color to food

• food poisoning -  illness caused by poisonous or contaminated food

• food pyramid -  (ecology) a hierarchy of food chains with the principal predator at the top; each level preys on the level below

• foodie -  a person devoted to refined sensuous enjoyment (especially good food and drink)

• fortification -  the addition of an ingredient for the purpose of enrichment (as the addition of alcohol to wine or the addition of vitamins to food); defensive structure consisting of walls or mounds built around a stronghold to strengthen it; the art or science of strengthening defenses

• forum -  a public facility to meet for open discussion; a public meeting or assembly for open discussion

• Foundation -  lowest support of a structure; education or instruction in the fundamentals of a field of knowledge; an institution supported by an endowment; the basis on which something is grounded; the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new; a woman's undergarment worn to give shape to the contours of the body; the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained

• Francis Joseph -  emperor of Austria and king of Hungary; was defeated by Napoleon III at the battle of Magenta (1830-1916)

• free-range -  of livestock and domestic poultry; permitted to graze or forage rather than being confined to a feedlot

• free trade -  international trade free of government interference

• French fries -  strips of potato fried in deep fat

• frozen -  not convertible to cash; turned into ice; affected by freezing or by long and severe cold; not thawed; absolutely still; incapable of being changed or moved or undone; e.g. "frozen prices"; (used of foods) preserved by freezing sufficiently rapidly to retain flavor and nutritional value; devoid of warmth and cordiality; expressive of unfriendliness or disdain

• frozen foods -  food preserved by freezing

• fungi -  (pun) the one who buys the drinks; the taxonomic kingdom of lower plants

• GATT -  a United Nations agency created by a multinational treaty to promote trade by the reduction of tariffs and import quotas

• Germany -  a republic in central Europe; split into East German and West Germany after World War II and reunited in 1990

• Ghana -  a republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea

• global warming -  an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

• globally - adv. throughout the world

• Godiva -  according to legend she rode naked through Coventry in order to persuade her husband not to tax the townspeople so heavily; the only person to look at her as she rode by was a man named Tom and Peeping Tom has become a synonym for voyeur (circa 1040-1080)

• Google -  a widely used search engine that uses text-matching techniques to find web pages that are important and relevant to a user's search; verb search the internet (for information) using the Google search engine

• Gourmet -  a person devoted to refined sensuous enjoyment (especially good food and drink)

• Goya -  Spanish painter well known for his portraits and for his satires (1746-1828)

• Grace -  a disposition to kindness and compassion; (Christian theology) the free and unmerited favor or beneficence of God; elegance and beauty of movement or expression; a short prayer of thanks before a meal; (Greek mythology) one of three sisters who were the givers of beauty and charm; a favorite subject for sculptors; (Christian theology) a state of sanctification by God; the state of one who under such divine influence; a sense of propriety and consideration for others; verb make more attractive by adding ornament, colour, etc.; be beautiful to look at

• grape juice -  the juice of grapes

• green -  of the color between blue and yellow in the color spectrum; similar to the color of fresh grass; not fully developed or mature; not ripe; looking pale and unhealthy; concerned with or supporting or in conformity with the political principles of the Green Party; naive and easily deceived or tricked;  green color or pigment; resembling the color of growing grass; an area of closely cropped grass surrounding the hole on a golf course; a river that rises in western Wyoming and flows southward through Utah to become a tributary of the Colorado River; an environmentalist who belongs to the Green Party; United States labor leader who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1924 to 1952 and who led the struggle with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (1873-1952); street names for ketamine; any of various leafy plants or their leaves and stems eaten as vegetables; a piece of open land for recreational use in an urban area; verb turn or become green

• green revolution -  the introduction of pesticides and high-yield grains and better management during the 1960s and 1970s which greatly increased agricultural productivity

• Greenpeace -  an international organization that works for environmental conservation and the preservation of endangered species

• halal -  conforming to dietary laws; proper or legitimate;  (Islam) meat from animals that have been slaughtered in the prescribed way according to the shariah

• Haley -  United States writer and Afro-American who wrote a fictionalized account of tracing his family roots back to Africa (1921-1992); United States rock singer who was one of the first to popularize rock'n'roll music (1925-1981)

• hawking -  English theoretical physicist (born in 1942); the act of selling goods for a living

• heirloom -  something that has been in a family for generations; (law) any property that is considered by law or custom as inseparable from an inheritance is inherited with that inheritance

• Hippocrates -  medical practitioner who is regarded as the father of medicine; author of the Hippocratic oath (circa 460-377 BC)

• home economics -  theory and practice of homemaking

• Homer -  a base hit on which the batter scores a run; ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC); United States painter best known for his seascapes (1836-1910); an ancient Hebrew unit of capacity equal to 10 baths or 10 ephahs; pigeon trained to return home; verb hit a home run

• hormone -  the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect

• Hostess -  a woman innkeeper; a woman host; a woman steward on an airplane

• Howard -  Queen of England as the fifth wife of Henry VIII who was accused of adultery and executed (1520-1542); English actor of stage and screen (1893-1943)

• hybridization -  (genetics) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids

• ice cream -  frozen dessert containing cream and sugar and flavoring

• ILO -  the United Nations agency concerned with the interests of labor

• insecticide -  a chemical used to kill insects

• internet -  a computer network consisting of a worldwide network of computer networks that use the TCP/IP network protocols to facilitate data transmission and exchange

• irradiation -  (Pavolvian conditioning) the elicitation of a conditioned response by stimulation similar but not identical to the original stimulus; the apparent enlargement of a bright object when viewed against a dark background; (physiology) the spread of sensory neural impulses in the cortex; the condition of being exposed to radiation; (medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance; a column of light (as from a beacon)

• Jack-in-the-Box -  plaything consisting of a toy clown that jumps out of a box when the lid is opened

• Jainism -  religion founded in the 6th century BC as a revolt against Hinduism; emphasizes asceticism and immortality and transmigration of the soul; denies existence of a perfect or supreme being; sect founded in the 6th century BC as a revolt against Hinduism

• Jell-O -  fruit-flavored dessert (trade mark Jell-O) made from a commercially prepared gelatin powder

• John Deere -  United States industrialist who manufactured plows suitable for working the prairie soil (1804-1886)

• Kellogg -  United States food manufacturer who (with his brother) developed a breakfast cereal of crisp flakes of rolled and toasted wheat and corn; he established a company to manufacture the cereal (1860-1951)

• Kenya -  a republic in eastern Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1963; major archeological discoveries have been made in the Great Rift Valley in Kenya

• labor -  productive work (especially physical work done for wages); a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages; any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted; the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913; a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and the socialization of key industries; an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement; concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of labor to the birth of a child; verb undergo the efforts of childbirth; work hard; strive and make an effort to reach a goal

• lodging -  the act of lodging; structures collectively in which people are housed; the state or quality of being lodged or fixed even temporarily

• macrobiotics -  the theory of promoting health and longevity by means of diet (especially whole beans and grains)

• Madrid -  the capital and largest city situated centrally in Spain; home of an outstanding art museum

• magazine -  a storehouse (as a compartment on a warship) where weapons and ammunition are stored; product consisting of a paperback periodic publication as a physical object; a light-tight supply chamber holding the film and supplying it for exposure as required; a periodic publication containing pictures and stories and articles of interest to those who purchase it or subscribe to it; a business firm that publishes magazines; a metal frame or container holding cartridges; can be inserted into an automatic gun

• Management -  the act of managing something; those in charge of running a business

• market -  the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold; the securities markets in the aggregate; the customers for a particular product or service; a marketplace where groceries are sold; verb engage in the commercial promotion, sale, or distribution of; deal in a market; buy household supplies; make commercial

• Market -  the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold; the securities markets in the aggregate; the customers for a particular product or service; a marketplace where groceries are sold; verb engage in the commercial promotion, sale, or distribution of; deal in a market; buy household supplies; make commercial

• Mars -  a small reddish planet that is the 4th from the sun and is periodically visible to the naked eye; minerals rich in iron cover its surface and are responsible for its characteristic color; (Roman mythology) Roman god of war and agriculture; father of Romulus and Remus; counterpart of Greek Ares

• McCormick -  United States operatic tenor (born in Ireland) (1884-1945); United States inventor and manufacturer of a mechanical harvester (1809-1884)

• meatpacking -  wholesale packaging of meat for future sale (including slaughtering and processing and distribution to retailers)

• mercantilism -  an economic system (Europe in 18th century) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests; transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services)

• milk -  produced by mammary glands of female mammals for feeding their young; a white nutritious liquid secreted by mammals and used as food by human beings; any of several nutritive milklike liquids; a river that rises in the Rockies in northwestern Montana and flows eastward to become a tributary of the Missouri River; verb take milk from female mammals; add milk to; exploit as much as possible

• Miller -  machine tool in which metal that is secured to a carriage is fed against rotating cutters that shape it; someone who works in a mill (especially a grain mill); United States playwright (born 1915); United States novelist whose novels were originally banned as pornographic (1891-1980); United States bandleader of a popular big band (1909-1944); any of various moths that have powdery wings

• Modern Times -  the circumstances and ideas of the present age

• monoculture -  the cultivation of a single crop (on a farm or area or country)

• Morris -  United States statesman who led the committee that produced the final draft of the United States Constitution (1752-1816); leader of the American Revolution who signed the Declaration of Independence and raised money for the Continental Army (1734-1806); English poet and craftsman (1834-1896); United States suffragist in Wyoming (1814-1902)

• Moveable Feast -  a religious holiday that falls on different dates in different years

• Moxie -  fortitude and determination

• Mrs -  a form of address for a married woman

• MSG -  white crystalline compound used as a food additive to enhance flavor; often used in Chinese cooking

• NAFTA -  an agreement for free trade between the United States and Canada and Mexico; became effective in 1994 for ten years

• nanotechnology -  the branch of engineering that deals with things smaller than 100 nanometers (especially with the manipulation of individual molecules)

• Napoleon Bonaparte -  French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

• Nestle -  a close and affectionate (and often prolonged) embrace; verb position comfortably; lie in a sheltered position; move or arrange oneself in a comfortable and cozy position

• New Deal -  a reapportioning of something; the economic policy of F. D. Roosevelt; the historic period (1933-1940) in the United States during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented

• Nickelodeon -  a cabinet containing an automatic record player; records are played by inserting a coin

• nouvelle cuisine -  a school of French cooking that uses light sauces and tries to bring out the natural flavors of foods instead of making heavy use of butter and cream

• NRA -  a powerful lobby that advocates the right to own and bear arms and rejects any gun regulation by the government

• nutrition -  the scientific study of food and drink (especially in humans); (physiology) the organic process of nourishing or being nourished; the processes by which an organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and maintenance; a source of materials to nourish the body

• oil -  oil paint containing pigment that is used by an artist; a slippery or viscous liquid or liquefiable substance not miscible with water; any of a group of liquid edible fats that are obtained from plants; verb cover with oil, as if by rubbing; administer an oil or ointment to ; often in a religious ceremony of blessing

• okra -  tall coarse annual of Old World tropics widely cultivated in southern United States and West Indies for its long mucilaginous green pods used as basis for soups and stews; sometimes placed in genus Hibiscus; long green edible beaked pods of the okra plant; long mucilaginous green pods; may be simmered or sauteed but used especially in soups and stews

• olive -  of a yellow-green color similar to that of an unripe olive;  a yellow-green color of low brightness and saturation; one-seeded fruit of the European olive tree usually pickled and used as a relish; hard yellow often variegated wood of an olive tree; used in cabinetwork; evergreen tree cultivated in the Mediterranean region since antiquity and now elsewhere; has edible shiny black fruits; small ovoid fruit of the European olive tree; important food and source of oil

• Oreo -  chocolate cookie with white cream filling

• pasteurization -  partial sterilization of foods at a temperature that destroys harmful microorganisms without major changes in the chemistry of the food

• peanut butter -  a spread made from ground peanuts

• Pepper -  sweet and hot varieties of fruits of plants of the genus Capsicum; pungent seasoning from the berry of the common pepper plant of East India; use whole or ground; climber having dark red berries (peppercorns) when fully ripe; southern India and Sri Lanka; naturalized in northern Burma and Assam; any of various tropical plants of the genus Capsicum bearing peppers; verb attack and bombard with or as if with missiles; add pepper to

• Pepsi -  Pepsi Cola is a trademarked cola

• PET -  preferred above all others and treated with partiality;  a domesticated animal kept for companionship or amusement; a fit of petulance or sulkiness (especially at what is felt to be a slight); using a computerized radiographic technique to examine the metabolic activity in various tissues (especially in the brain); a special loved one; verb stroke or caress in an erotic manner, as during lovemaking; stroke or caress gently

• pet-food -  food prepared for animal pets

• Philadelphia -  the largest city in Pennsylvania; located in the southeastern part of the state on the Delaware river; site of Independence Hall where the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were signed; site of the University of Pennsylvania

• pizza -  Italian open pie made of thin bread dough spread with a spiced mixture of e.g. tomato sauce and cheese

• Plato -  ancient Athenian philosopher; pupil of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle (428-347 BC)

• Pliny the Elder -  Roman author of an encyclopedic natural history; died while observing the eruption of Vesuvius (23-79)

• poisoning -  the act of giving poison to a person or animal with the intent to kill; the physiological state produced by a poison or other toxic substance

• Polar -  having a pair of equal and opposite charges; of or existing at or near a geographical pole or within the Arctic or Antarctic Circles; located at or near or coming from the earth's poles; being of crucial importance; extremely cold; characterized by opposite extremes; completely opposed

• pork -  meat from a domestic hog or pig; a legislative appropriation designed to ingratiate legislators with their constituents

• Postum -  trade mark for a coffee substitute invented by C. W. Post and made with chicory and roasted grains

• poultry -  flesh of chickens or turkeys or ducks or geese raised for food; a domesticated gallinaceous bird thought to be descended from the red jungle fowl

• Preservation -  the activity of protecting something from loss or danger; a process that saves organic substances from decay; the condition of being (well or ill) preserved; an occurrence of improvement by virtue of preventing loss or injury or other change

• Prohibition -  the action of prohibiting or inhibiting or forbidding (or an instance thereof); a law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages; a decree that prohibits something; refusal to approve or assent to; the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment

• Protection -  payment extorted by gangsters on threat of violence; the activity of protecting someone or something; the imposition of duties or quotas on imports in order to protect domestic industry against foreign competition; the condition of being protected; kindly endorsement and guidance; a covering that is intend to protect from damage or injury; defense against financial failure; financial independence

• publishing -  the business of issuing printed matter for sale or distribution

• Pythagoras -  Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem; considered to be the first true mathematician (circa 580-500 BC)

• radiation -  the act of spreading outward from a central source; a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain; the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats; energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles; the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay; (medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance; syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., exposure to radioactive chemicals or to nuclear explosions); low doses cause diarrhea and nausea and vomiting and sometimes loss of hair; greater exposure can cause sterility and cataracts and some forms of cancer and other diseases; severe exposure can cause death within hours

• radio -  indicating radiation or radioactivity;  a communication system based on broadcasting electromagnetic waves; medium for communication; an electronic receiver that detects and demodulates and amplifies transmitted signals; verb transmit messages via radio waves

• recycling -  the act of processing used or abandoned materials for use in creating new products

• refrigeration -  deliberately lowering the body's temperature for therapeutic purposes; the process of cooling or freezing (e.g., food) for preservative purposes

• refrigerator -  white goods in which food can be stored at low temperatures

• restaurant -  a building where people go to eat

• Reynolds -  English portrait painter and first president of the Royal Academy (1723-1792)

• Roundup -  the systematic gathering up of suspects by the police; the activity of gathering livestock together so that they can be counted or branded or sold; a summary list; as in e.g. "a news roundup"

• salad dressing -  savory dressings for salads; basically of two kinds: either the thin French or vinaigrette type or the creamy mayonnaise type

• Salmonella -  rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria; cause typhoid fever and food poisoning; can be used as a bioweapon

• salsa -  spicy sauce of tomatoes and onions and chili peppers to accompany Mexican foods

• salt -  (of speech) painful or bitter; one of the four basic taste sensations; like the taste of sea water;  the taste experience when common salt is taken into the mouth; white crystalline form of especially sodium chloride used to season and preserve food; a compound formed by replacing hydrogen in an acid by a metal (or a radical that acts like a metal); negotiations between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics opened in 1969 in Helsinki designed to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons; verb preserve with salt; add zest or liveliness to; sprinkle as if with salt; add salt to

• Saran -  any of various thermoplastic resins used to make things

• Schilling -  formerly the basic unit of money in Austria

• scrapie -  a fatal disease of sheep characterized by chronic itching and loss of muscular control and progressive degeneration of the central nervous system

• Shigella -  rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria; some are pathogenic for warm-blooded animals; can be used as a bioweapon

• Shop -  a mercantile establishment for the retail sale of goods or services; a course of instruction in a trade (as carpentry or electricity); small workplace where handcrafts or manufacturing are done; verb do one's shopping; shop around; not necessarily buying; give away information about somebody; do one's shopping at; do business with; be a customer or client of

• slavery -  the practice of owning slaves; work done under harsh conditions for little or no pay; the state of being under the control of another person

• small-scale -  created or drawn on a small scale; limited in size or scope

• soda -  a sweet drink containing carbonated water and flavoring; a sodium salt of carbonic acid; used in making soap powders and glass and paper

• Sonic -  relating to audible sound; (of speed) having or caused by speed approximately equal to that of sound in air at sea level

• Spam -  unwanted e-mail (usually of a commercial nature sent out in bulk); a canned meat made largely from pork; verb send unwanted or junk e-mail

• spinach -  dark green leaves; eaten cooked or raw in salads; southwestern Asian plant widely cultivated for its succulent edible dark green leaves

• Steak sauce -  pungent bottled sauce for steak

• sugar -  a white crystalline carbohydrate used as a sweetener and preservative; informal terms for money; an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances; are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain; verb sweeten with sugar

• Supreme Court -  the highest federal court in the United States; has final appellate jurisdiction and has jurisdiction over all other courts in the nation; the highest court in most states of the United States

• Swanson -  United States actress in many silent films (1899-1983)

• Sweden -  a Scandinavian kingdom in the eastern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula

• Swift -  moving very fast;  a small bird that resembles a swallow and is noted for its rapid flight; an English satirist born in Ireland (1667-1745); United States meat-packer who began the use of refrigerated railroad cars (1839-1903); common western lizard; seen on logs or rocks

• syrup -  a thick sweet sticky liquid

• Tabasco -  very hot red peppers; usually long and thin; some very small; very spicy sauce (trade name Tabasco) made from fully-aged red peppers; a Mexican state on the Gulf of Campeche

• takeout -  of or involving food to be taken and eaten off the premises;  (bridge) a bid that asks your partner to bid another suit; prepared food that is intended to be eaten off of the premises

• Tang -  any of various coarse seaweeds; the imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907; any of various kelps especially of the genus Laminaria; brown algae seaweed with serrated edges; a common rockweed used in preparing kelp and as manure; a tart spicy quality; the taste experience when a savoury condiment is taken into the mouth

• Target -  sports equipment consisting of an object set up for a marksman or archer to aim at; a reference point to shoot at; the location of the target that is to be hit; the goal intended to be attained (and which is believed to be attainable); a person who is the aim of an attack (especially a victim of ridicule or exploitation) by some hostile person or influence; verb intend (something) to move towards a certain goal

• Tate -  United States poet and critic (1899-1979)

• tea -  a light midafternoon meal of tea and sandwiches or cakes; dried leaves of the tea shrub; used to make tea; a beverage made by steeping tea leaves in water; a reception or party at which tea is served; a tropical evergreen shrub or small tree extensively cultivated in e.g. China and Japan and India; source of tea leaves

• Teflon -  a material used to coat cooking utensils and in industrial applications where sticking is to be avoided

• television -  a telecommunication system that transmits images of objects (stationary or moving) between distant points; broadcasting visual images of stationary or moving objects; an electronic device that receives television signals and displays them on a screen

• tobacco -  leaves of the tobacco plant dried and prepared for smoking or ingestion; aromatic annual or perennial herbs and shrubs

• tours -  an industrial city in western France on the Loire River

• tuna -  New Zealand eel; any very large marine food and game fish of the genus Thunnus; related to mackerel; chiefly of warm waters; important warm-water fatty fish of the genus Thunnus of the family Scombridae; usually served as steaks; tropical American prickly pear of Jamaica

• turkey -  large gallinaceous bird with fan-shaped tail; widely domesticated for food; an event that fails badly or is totally ineffectual; flesh of large domesticated fowl usually roasted; a Eurasian republic in Asia Minor and the Balkans; achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1923; a person who does something thoughtless or annoying

• Tyson -  United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion (born in 1966)

• Uganda -  a landlocked republic in eastern Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1962

• Underwood -  the brush (small trees and bushes and ferns etc.) growing beneath taller trees in a wood or forest

• UNICEF -  an agency of the United Nations responsible for programs to aid education and the health of children and mothers in developing countries

• USDA -  the federal department that administers programs that provide services to farmers (including research and soil conservation and efforts to stabilize the farming economy); created in 1862

• value -  relative darkness or lightness of a color; the quality (positive or negative) that renders something desirable or valuable; a numerical quantity measured or assigned or computed; an ideal accepted by some individual or group; the amount (of money or goods or services) that is considered to be a fair equivalent for something else; (music) the relative duration of a musical note; verb fix or determine the value of; assign a value to; estimate the value of; place a value on; judge the worth of something; regard highly; think much of; hold dear

• vegan -  a strict vegetarian; someone who eats no animal or dairy products at all

• Velveeta -  trademark: soft processed American cheese

• water -  a fluid necessary for the life of most animals and plants; binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent; once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles); a facility that provides a source of water; the part of the earth's surface covered with water (such as a river or lake or ocean); liquid excretory product; verb secrete or form water, as tears or saliva; supply with water, as with channels or ditches or streams; fill with tears; provide with water

• wheat -  grains of common wheat; sometimes cooked whole or cracked as cereal; usually ground into flour; annual or biennial grass having erect flower spikes and light brown grains

• WHO -  a United Nations agency to coordinate international health activities and to help governments improve health services

• Wild Oats -  any of various plants of the genus Uvularia having yellowish drooping bell-shaped flowers

• wine -  a red as dark as red wine; fermented juice (of grapes especially); verb treat to wine; drink wine

• Worcestershire -  a savory sauce of vinegar and soy sauce and spices

• World Bank -  a United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments

• yogurt -  a custard-like food made from curdled milk

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