Diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. As with any medical field, the study of diabetes encompasses a plethora of specific terms and jargons. This glossary aims to provide a comprehensive list of terms frequently used in the context of diabetes, their definitions, and relevance[1].
Naval Hospital Jacksonville diabetes education nurse
The following is a glossary of diabetes which explains terms connected with diabetes.
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A condition characterized by brown to black, poorly defined, velvety hyperpigmentation of the skin. It often occurs in the posterior and lateral folds of the neck, the axilla, groin, umbilicus, and other areas, associated with insulin spillover due to obesity or insulin resistance, most commonly from type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Medications such as Ramparil that decrease hypertension by interfering with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Used to improve blood pressure control and protect kidney function.
A former term for Type 2 diabetes mellitus, indicating its frequent onset in adulthood.
An oral hypoglycemic agent, part of the sulfonylurea class, used to lower blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes.
A byproduct of fat metabolism and one of three ketone bodies. High levels can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis, often identifiable by a fruity odor on the breath.
An acidic condition in the body fluids, particularly blood, which can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis if caused by high glucose levels and ketone body accumulation.
A term referring to conditions with abrupt onset or short duration, often severe.
Endocrine glands that sit atop the kidneys and release hormones like adrenaline, which counteracts the effects of insulin.
A harmful or undesired outcome from medication or other interventions.
The presence of albumin in the urine, indicative of kidney damage and a common complication of diabetes.
A class of drugs under investigation for the treatment of diabetic complications like neuropathy and retinopathy.
Cells in the pancreas that produce glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels.
Organic compounds that serve as the building blocks for proteins. Some are essential in the diet for those with diabetes.
A type of diabetic neuropathy resulting in muscle weakness and atrophy, often affecting older adults with diabetes.
A peptide hormone co-secreted with insulin by beta cells, implicated in the regulation of glucose metabolism.
Blood vessel damage or dysfunction, often a complication of long-term diabetes.
Abnormalities or deviations from the expected norm, which in diabetes can include atypical presentations or complications.
Immune system proteins that target specific foreign substances; in type 1 diabetes, they mistakenly attack pancreatic beta cells.
Medications used to manage blood glucose levels in diabetes, including insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents.
A substance that elicits an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies.
A substance that reduces infection by inhibiting the growth of infectious agents.
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, such as Atacand, that modulate the renin-angiotensin system to control blood pressure.
The hardening of the arteries, which can be exacerbated by diabetes, leading to cardiovascular complications.
Blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to tissues; can be affected by diabetes through arteriosclerosis.
A device that mimics the glucose-regulating function of a healthy pancreas, some of which are implantable or part of external insulin pump systems.
An artificial sweetener used as a sugar substitute for people with diabetes, being a low-calorie alternative.
Showing no symptoms; diabetes, particularly type 2, can often be asymptomatic in early stages.
See Arteriosclerosis.
Diseases where the body's immune system attacks its own cells; type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease.
Damage to the autonomic nerves, which can affect internal body processes and can be a complication of diabetes.
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Also known as non-proliferative retinopathy, a mild form of diabetic retinopathy that does not typically threaten vision.
In insulin pump therapy, the continuous delivery of insulin at set rates to manage blood glucose levels in diabetes.
Pancreatic cells that produce insulin, which are destroyed or dysfunctional in diabetes.
See Islet cell transplantation.
Human insulin produced by recombinant DNA technology, identical to insulin produced in the human body.
A formulation of insulin that contains a combination of fast-acting and intermediate-acting insulin.
The primary sugar found in the blood, used as fuel by the body's cells, and regulated by insulin in diabetes.
A device used to measure blood glucose levels, critical for daily diabetes management.
The regular checking of blood glucose levels to manage diabetes.
The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the arteries, often elevated in diabetes.
Tools such as lancets used to obtain a drop of blood for glucose testing.
See Blood glucose.
A measure of kidney function that can indicate early kidney damage in diabetes.
Tubes in the body that carry blood, including arteries, veins, and capillaries.
A dose of insulin taken to manage a rise in blood glucose, typically around meal times.
An outdated term; see Impaired glucose tolerance.
A term describing unpredictable and dramatic blood glucose fluctuations, also known as labile diabetes.
See Hemochromatosis.
A bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of the big toe, which can be exacerbated by diabetes-related foot problems.
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See Certified diabetes educator.
A byproduct of insulin production, used as a marker of insulin production levels in diabetes.
Medication that affects calcium channels in cells, used for hypertension treatment, which can be associated with diabetes.
An area of thickened skin, common on the feet, which can cause complications in diabetes.
A unit of energy in food. Monitoring calorie intake is crucial in diabetes management, especially for weight control.
The smallest type of blood vessel where nutrient and waste exchange occurs; capillary damage can occur in diabetes.
A compound found in chili peppers that can be used in topical creams to relieve diabetic neuropathy pain.
A macronutrient consisting of sugars, starches, and fibers that affect blood glucose levels in diabetes.
A doctor specializing in the study or treatment of heart diseases and conditions, often consulted for diabetes-related heart conditions.
Relating to the heart and blood vessels. Diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
A condition causing hand and arm pain and numbness, which can be associated with diabetes.
Clouding of the eye's lens. People with diabetes are at increased risk of cataracts.
Disease affecting blood vessels in the brain, leading to stroke. Diabetes is a risk factor for cerebrovascular disease.
A health professional certified to teach individuals how to manage their diabetes.
A condition leading to weakened bones in the foot, a serious complication of diabetes neuropathy.
An outdated term; see Impaired glucose tolerance.
An oral diabetes medicine that helps control blood sugar levels, particularly for people with type 2 diabetes.
A type of blood lipid that can be affected by diet; diabetes management often involves monitoring and managing cholesterol levels.
Referring to health conditions that persist over a long period, such as diabetes.
The movement of blood through the body, which can be impaired in diabetes, particularly in the extremities.
Research studies that test how well new medical approaches work in people, including diabetes treatments.
A state of deep unconsciousness. Diabetic coma can be a result of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.
In a coma; diabetic coma can result from severe hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia in diabetes.
Health problems caused by diabetes, such as eye disease, kidney disease, and nerve damage.
A condition present at birth, which may or may not be related to diabetes.
A condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, sometimes related to diabetes.
See Insulin pump.
A condition or factor that serves as a reason to withhold a certain medical treatment due to the harm that it would cause the patient.
A disease, such as diabetes, that is being effectively managed through treatment and lifestyle adjustments.
Standard treatment for diabetes, typically including diet, exercise, monitoring, and possibly medication or insulin therapy.
Heart disease related to blockage of the coronary arteries; diabetes significantly increases the risk of coronary disease.
A virus that has been associated with the development of type 1 diabetes through an autoimmune process.
A waste product from the normal breakdown of muscle tissue, filtered by the kidneys; levels are monitored in diabetes for kidney function.
An artificial sweetener that was once widely used but is now banned in some countries, including the United States.
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A natural rise in blood glucose levels in the early morning hours; management may require adjustments in diabetes treatment.
The medical removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissue to improve the healing potential of the remaining healthy tissue.
A lack of fluid in the body. People with diabetes, particularly those with high blood sugar levels, are at risk of dehydration.
Cells in the pancreas that produce somatostatin, which may regulate insulin and glucagon production in diabetes.
A method used to reduce allergic reactions, potentially including those to insulin or other diabetes medications.
See Glucose.
A UK-based structured education program for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.
A major clinical study conducted from 1983 to 1993 that showed good blood sugar control significantly reduces the risks of diabetes complications.
Emotional distress stemming from the burdens and challenges of managing diabetes.
A rare form of diabetes that affects water metabolism, preventing the body from conserving water and releasing too much of it.
A group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
A form of neuropathy resulting in muscle weakness and wasting.
See Angiopathy.
See Coma.
See Acidosis.
Spinal cord damage associated with diabetes.
See Nephropathy.
See Neuropathy.
Bone disease associated with chronic diabetes.
Damage to the retina caused by diabetes, which can lead to vision impairment or blindness.
Causing diabetes or increasing the risk for developing diabetes.
A physician who specializes in the treatment of diabetes.
An eating disorder where individuals with type 1 diabetes deliberately give themselves less insulin than they need for the purpose of weight loss.
The identification of a disease or condition by its signs, symptoms, and medical history.
A procedure to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys stop functioning properly, often associated with advanced diabetes.
The pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats; diabetes can lead to high diastolic pressure, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
See Meal plan.
A healthcare professional who advises individuals on diet and nutrition, including those with diabetes.
An eye examination where drops are used to widen the pupil so that the pupil can be examined.
Diastolic blood pressure
Diastolic blood pressure, the lower number in a blood pressure reading, represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats.
Diet plan
Diet plan, a detailed regimen for eating and drinking, is essential for managing diabetes. A diet plan usually includes a balance of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and fiber.
Dietitian
Dietitian, a healthcare professional who specializes in nutrition, can be integral to the diabetes care team for managing dietary requirements.
Dilated pupil examination
Dilated pupil examination, or fundoscopy, is an essential part of the eye examination for individuals with diabetes, enabling the assessment of the retina.
Distal sensory neuropathy
Distal sensory neuropathy, a form of Peripheral neuropathy, involves damage to the peripheral nerves and often affects diabetic patients, potentially leading to symptoms like pain and numbness, particularly in the hands and feet.
Diuretic
Diuretic, a class of medications that promote diuresis, the increased production of urine. These can be used to manage symptoms such as edema in diabetes patients.
Edema
Edema, an accumulation of fluid in body tissues, can be a complication in diabetes, particularly in the lower limbs.
Electromyography (EMG)
Electromyography (EMG), a diagnostic procedure to assess the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them, is useful in detecting neuropathies, including those associated with diabetes.
Endocrine glands
Endocrine glands, like the pancreas, secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate body functions. In diabetes, the endocrine function of the pancreas is impaired.
Endocrinologist
Endocrinologist, a doctor specializing in the endocrine system, plays a critical role in managing diabetes, a condition associated with hormonal imbalances like insulin production.
Endogenous
Endogenous refers to substances produced within the body. Endogenous insulin is insulin that's made by the pancreas.
End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a critical phase of kidney disease often resulting from longstanding diabetes and may require dialysis or kidney transplantation.
Enzymes
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body, crucial for processes like metabolism, which can be altered in diabetic patients.
Epidemiology
Epidemiology, the study of disease patterns in populations, helps understand the prevalence and incidence of diabetes and its complications.
Epinephrine
Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone that can affect blood glucose levels and is involved in the body's fight-or-flight response.
Etiology
Etiology refers to the cause of a disease. The etiology of Type 1 diabetes includes an autoimmune response, whereas Type 2 diabetes involves a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors.
Euglycemia
Euglycemia denotes a normal level of glucose in the blood, the maintenance of which is a primary goal in the management of diabetes.
Exchange lists
Exchange lists for meal planning is a tool used by individuals with diabetes to maintain balanced diets by grouping foods with similar nutritional content.
Exogenous
Exogenous refers to substances originating outside the body. Exogenous insulin is insulin from an outside source, such as an injection for diabetes management.
Fasting blood glucose test
Fasting blood glucose test, a critical measurement used to diagnose diabetes, involves checking blood glucose levels after a period without food or drink.
Fats
Fats, a macronutrient, is an essential part of the diet but must be balanced properly, especially in individuals with diabetes to manage cardiovascular risks.
Fatty acids
Fatty acids, the building blocks of fats, can affect insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, thereby playing a role in diabetes management.
Fiber
Fiber intake is crucial for diabetes management as it can slow the absorption of sugar and help manage blood glucose levels.
Fluorescein angiography
Fluorescein angiography is a diagnostic test that uses a fluorescent dye to visualize the blood vessels in the retina, aiding in the management of diabetic retinopathy.
Food exchange
Food exchange, part of a dietary plan for diabetes management, allows individuals to substitute foods with equivalent nutritional value, maintaining dietary variety while controlling blood glucose.
Foot care is crucial for individuals with diabetes as they are at increased risk for foot ulcers and infections due to potential neuropathy and circulation issues.
Fractional urine
Fractional urine tests are used in diabetes management to assess kidney function and the presence of microalbuminuria, indicating early kidney damage.
Fructose
Fructose, a simple sugar found in fruit, has different metabolic effects compared to glucose and must be considered in the dietary management of diabetes.
Fundus of the eye
Fundus of the eye, the interior surface of the eye opposite the lens, includes the retina and is a key area examined for diabetes-related eye changes.
Funduscopy
Funduscopy is a diagnostic procedure that allows a healthcare provider to check the health of the retina, which can be affected by diabetes.
Galactose
Galactose, a simple sugar not directly involved in diabetes but is part of lactose, which is considered in dietary management.
Gangrene
Gangrene can result from severe untreated diabetes, where poor blood flow leads to the death of body tissues.
Gastroparesis
Gastroparesis, a condition that affects stomach emptying, can complicate diabetes management by affecting how quickly food and medication affect blood glucose.
Gene
Genes play a role in heredity and can influence the risk of developing diabetes. Some types of diabetes are strongly linked to genetic factors.
Genetic
Genetic factors are significant in the development of diabetes, particularly Type 2, where family history is a known risk factor.
Gestation
Gestation, or pregnancy, can be complicated by gestational diabetes, which requires careful monitoring and management.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a temporary form of diabetes occurring during pregnancy that can affect both the mother's and baby's health.
Gingivitis
Gingivitis, a gum disease that can be more prevalent in people with diabetes due to higher susceptibility to infections.
Gland
Glands such as the pancreas play a crucial role in diabetes as they produce hormones like insulin that regulate blood glucose levels.
Glaucoma
Glaucoma, a group of eye conditions that can damage the optic nerve, is more common in people with diabetes and can lead to blindness if untreated.
Gliclazide
Gliclazide, an oral hypoglycemic agent, helps control blood sugar levels in individuals with Type 2 diabetes.
Glimepiride
Glimepiride, a sulfonylurea class of medication, is used to treat Type 2 diabetes by stimulating insulin secretion from the pancreas.
Glipizide
Glipizide, an oral blood-glucose-lowering drug of the sulfonylurea class, is used for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.
Glomerular filtration rate
Glomerular filtration rate is a test to check how well the kidneys are functioning, especially important in diabetes as it can cause kidney disease.
Glomeruli
Glomeruli are small blood vessels in the kidneys where filtration of blood occurs. Diabetes can lead to damage to these vessels, affecting kidney function.
Glucagon
Glucagon is a hormone that increases blood glucose levels and has important implications in the management of diabetes.
Glucose
Glucose, the primary sugar used for energy in the body, is the central focus of blood sugar management in diabetes.
Glucose tolerance test
Glucose tolerance test, an oral test that measures the body's ability to use glucose, is essential for diagnosing diabetes.
Glyburide
Glyburide, a medication used to treat Type 2 diabetes, helps the pancreas produce insulin and the body use it more efficiently.
Glycemic index
Glycemic index ranks carbohydrates according to their effect on blood glucose levels, an important tool for dietary management in diabetes.
Glycogen
Glycogen is a stored form of glucose found in the liver and muscles, which can be affected by insulin levels in diabetes.
Glycogenesis
Glycogenesis is the process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage, a process that is insulin-dependent and can be dysregulated in diabetes.
Glycosuria
Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in the urine, often an indicator of high blood glucose levels in diabetes.
Glycosylated hemoglobin test
Glycosylated hemoglobin test measures the percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin in the blood and is used to assess long-term glucose control in diabetes.
HCF diet
HCF diet, a high-carbohydrate, high-fiber diet, can be beneficial in managing diabetes by improving blood glucose and lipid profiles.
Hemochromatosis
Hemochromatosis, a hereditary condition characterized by excessive iron absorption, can lead to secondary diabetes.
Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis is a treatment for kidney failure that may be necessary if diabetes leads to end-stage renal disease.
Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c)
Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) is a measure of average blood glucose levels over the past 2 to 3 months, crucial in diabetes management.
Heredity
Heredity plays a role in the predisposition to diabetes, as genetic factors can contribute to the risk of developing the condition.
High blood pressure
High blood pressure, a condition often associated with Type 2 diabetes, can lead to more serious complications such as heart disease.
Hives
Hives, an allergic skin reaction, can occasionally be triggered by medications used in the treatment of diabetes.
HLA antigens
HLA antigens are proteins that play a significant role in the immune system and have been associated with Type 1 diabetes.
Home blood glucose monitoring
Home blood glucose monitoring allows individuals with diabetes to manage their blood sugar levels by using a personal glucose meter.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis, the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions, can be affected by diabetes, disrupting blood glucose balance.
Hormone
Hormones, such as insulin, play a crucial role in the regulation of glucose levels in the body and are central to diabetes management.
Human insulin
Human insulin is a synthetic insulin that mimics naturally occurring insulin, used in the treatment of diabetes.
Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia, an elevated level of glucose in the blood, is a common challenge in diabetes management.
Hyperinsulinism
Hyperinsulinism is an above-normal level of insulin in the blood and can be a consequence of insulin resistance in Type 2 diabetes.
Hyperlipemia
Hyperlipemia, see Hyperlipidemia.
Hyperlipidemia
Hyperlipidemia, elevated levels of lipids in the blood, is a condition that can accompany diabetes and increases cardiovascular risk.
Hyperosmolar coma
Hyperosmolar coma, a serious condition resulting from extremely high blood glucose levels, often necessitates emergency treatment.
Hypertension
Hypertension or high blood pressure is a common comorbidity of diabetes and a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia, a condition characterized by abnormally low blood glucose levels, is a risk associated with insulin therapy in diabetes.
Hypotension
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, can occur as a side effect of some diabetes medications and may require medical attention.
IDDM
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is now more commonly referred to as Type 1 diabetes, a condition where the body fails to produce insulin.
IGT
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is a state of higher than normal blood glucose not reaching the threshold of diabetes, considered a pre-diabetic condition.
Immunosuppressive drugs
Immunosuppressive drugs are medications that suppress the immune system, sometimes necessary after an organ transplant required by complications of diabetes.
Impaired fasting glucose (IFG)
Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) is a condition of higher than normal fasting blood glucose levels, which may be a precursor to the development of Type 2 diabetes.
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is a state where the body's response to glucose is not normal, but not high enough to diagnose diabetes, often seen as a pre-diabetic stage.
Implantable insulin pump
Implantable insulin pump is a device placed inside the body that continuously delivers insulin, used to manage Type 1 diabetes.
Impotence
Impotence, or erectile dysfunction, is a complication of diabetes resulting from damage to the nerves and blood vessels that supply the penis.
Incidence
Incidence, the rate of new cases of a disease, is used in epidemiological studies to track diseases like diabetes in various populations.
Infusion Set
Infusion sets are used with insulin pumps to deliver insulin subcutaneously and play a crucial role in the management of diabetes.
Ingestion
Ingestion, the consumption of food and beverages, has significant implications for blood glucose management in diabetes.
Injection
Injection, the delivery of a drug or hormone like insulin into the body, is a critical aspect of diabetes treatment.
Insulin
Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular glucose uptake, central to the treatment of diabetes.
Insulin allergy
Insulin allergy is an adverse reaction to insulin, which can manifest as a local or systemic allergic response, affecting diabetes management.
Insulin antagonist
Insulin antagonists are substances that oppose the action of insulin, increasing blood glucose levels, like glucagon.
Insulin binding
Insulin binding refers to the process where insulin attaches to its receptor on cells to allow glucose uptake, essential for energy production.
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is the former term for Type 1 diabetes, where patients require external insulin for survival.
Insulin-induced atrophy Small dents that form on the skin when a person keeps injecting a needle in the same spot. They are harmless. See also: Lipoatrophy; injection site rotation.
Insulin-induced hypertrophy Small lumps that form under the skin when a person keeps injecting a needle in the same spot. See also: Lipodystrophy; injection site rotation.
Insulin pen An insulin injection device the size of a pen that includes a needle attached to a vial of insulin. It can be used instead of syringes for giving insulin injections.
Insulin pump a device which provides a steady (or intermittent, depending on design and adjustments) infusion of insulin. Pumps can be implantable (see implantable insulin pump) or external. the latter use a subcutaneous catheter.
Insulin reaction Too low a level of blood glucose (i.e., 'sugar') in the blood; also called hypoglycemia. This occurs when a person with diabetes has injected too much insulin, eaten too little food, or exercised without compensating for the increased glucose uptake caused by exercise. The person may feel hungry, nauseated, weak, nervous, shaky, confused, and sweaty. Eating small amounts of glucose converting sugar or starch (glucose, sucrose (1/2 glucose) or starch (all glucose)), sweet juice with glucose or sucrose, or food with such sugar will usually help the person feel better within 10–15 minutes. Fat or protein in the food or drink will delay absorption and should be avoided. So a glucose tablet is ideal, a candy bar or pastry is not (both contain fat in addition to starch and usually sugar). Orange juice works, but less well than intended, as its main carbohydrate is fructose. See also: Hypoglycemia; insulin shock.
Insulin receptors Protein complexes on the surface of a cell that allows the cell to join or bind with insulin that is in the blood. When the vrll membrane receptor and insulin bind, the cell takes up glucose (sugar) from the blood and can use it for energy.
Insulin resistance a condition in which a cell is resistant to insulin action, usually as a result of Type 2 diabetes which is characterized by insulin resistance in about two-thirds of the body's cells (those which require insulin in order to absorb glucose from the blood). The result is that the beta cells can no longer regulate body metabolism correctly.
Insulin resistance syndrome A syndrome (set of signs and symptoms) resulting from insulin resistance. It is also called metabolic syndrome.
Insulin shock A severe condition that occurs when the level of blood glucose (sugar) drops too far and quickly. The signs are shaking, sweating, dizziness, double vision, convulsions, and collapse. Insulin shock may occur when an insulin reaction is not treated quickly enough. In severe cases, brain damage, nerve damage, or even death is possible. Formerly used, in hospitals, as a treatment for some kinds of mental illness. See also: Hypoglycemia; insulin reaction.
Insulinoma A tumor of the beta cells in areas of the pancreas called the islets of Langerhans. Although not usually cancerous, such tumors may cause the body to make extra insulin and may lead to a blood glucose (sugar) level that is too low.
Intermittent claudication Pain in the muscles of the leg that occurs off and on, usually while walking or exercising, and results in lameness (claudication). The pain results from a narrowing of the blood vessels feeding the muscle. Drugs are available to treat this condition.
Intensive management or Intensive insulinotherapy
Intramuscular injection Putting a fluid into a muscle with a needle and syringe.
Intravenous injection Putting a fluid into a vein with a needle and syringe.
Islet cell Transplantation Moving the beta (islet) cells from a donor pancreas and putting them into a person whose pancreas has stopped producing insulin. The beta cells make the insulin that most cells in the human body require to absorb glucose from the blood. Transplanting islet cells may one day help many people with diabetes, and the procedure is currently in the experimental stage.
Islets of Langerhans Groups of cells in the pancreas. Some of them make and secrete hormones that help the body break down and use food. They were noticed by Paul Langerhans, a German medical student, in 1869; these clusters throughout the pancreas serve several functions. There are currently five known types of cells in an islet: beta cells, which make insulin and C-peptide; alpha cells, which make glucagon; delta cells, which make somatostatin; F cells which make pancreatic polypeptide, and D1 cells, about which little is known. The names of the cell types vary with location; in the UK they have slightly different names than in the US.
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Jet injector A device that uses high pressure to propel insulin through the skin and into the body.
Juvenile onset diabetes Former term for insulin-dependent or type I diabetes. See: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
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Ketoacidosis A kind of acidosis characteristic of uncontrolled diabetes. It is not uncommon among diabetics, especially type 1 diabetics. See acidosis
Ketone bodies commonly called ketones—Three chemicals produced during ketosis (i.e., fat metabolism) and which are released in large quantities during abnormal fat processing. They are, together, quite acidic and if prolonged may lead to acidosis. Oddly, they are not all ketones chemically. The name is a historical leftover, but the chemical smell characteristic of ketoacidosis is an acetone (i.e., ketone) smell.
Ketonuria Having ketone bodies in the urine; a warning sign of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Ketone test strips can be used to detect them.
Ketosis fat metabolism. It is characteristic of ordinary metabolism, when glucose is not available, but can become abnormal, leading to ketoacidosis under some conditions. It is not uncommon among diabetics, especially type 1 diabetics.
Kidney disease Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy.
Kidneys organs which produce urine by excreting blood plasma and then resorbing important chemicals. Glucose and proteins are especially well resorbed, such that the presence of either is evidence of serious problems. Possibly including diabetes. The remainder is urine.
Kidney threshold The point at which the blood is holding too much of a substance such as glucose (sugar) and the kidneys "spill" the excess sugar into the urine. In most people, the renal threshold for glucose is about twice the normal blood glucose level. See also: Renal threshold.
Kussmaul breathing The rapid, deep, and labored breathing of people who have ketoacidosis or who are in a diabetic coma. Kussmaul breathing is named for Adolph Kussmaul, the 19th century German doctor who first noted it. Also called "air hunger."
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Labile diabetes When a person's blood glucose (sugar) level swings quickly from high to low and from low to high. Also called brittle diabetes.
Lactic acidosis A buildup of lactic acid in the body due to anaerobic use of glucose as a fuel. It is normal when exercising beyond your aerobic capacity and recovery is rapid and complete, as the lactic acid is oxidized as fuel when oxygen becomes available (generally after a period of deep breathing).
Lactose a disacchararide characteristic of milk, and the only carbohydrate with a beta attachement (characteristic of cellulose) for which humans ever have an enzyme which can break the bond. It is not very sweet to the human taste. In humans, it requires a special enzyme (lactase) for disassembly during digestion. Most humans lose this enzyme in adulthood and milk consumed by those deficient in it encounter problems (e.g., gas, pain, ...) when it becomes available to intestinal bacteria. Some populations do retain the enzyme and can consume milk in adulthood without trouble. Many milk products have already been processed in such a way as to remove or modify lactose: cheeses, most yogurts, cottage cheese, etc. And milk treated with lactase is also safe for the lactose intolerant.
Lancet A fine, sharp-pointed blade or needle for pricking the skin.
Laser treatment Using a special strong beam of light of one color (laser) to heal a damaged area. A person with diabetes might be treated with a laser beam to heal blood vessels in the eye. See also: Photocoagulation.
Latent diabetes Former term for impaired glucose tolerance. See also: Impaired glucose tolerance.
Lente insulin A type of insulin that is intermediate-acting, between NPH insulin and ultra-lente insulin.
Limited joint mobility A form of arthritis involving the hand; it causes the fingers to curve inward and the skin on the palm to tighten and thicken. This condition mainly affects people with Type 1 diabetes.
Lipid Fat / oil. Usually, used in reference to fat in the human body.
Lipoatrophy Small dents in the skin that form when a person keeps injecting the needle in the same spot. See also: Lipodystrophy.
Lipodystrophy Lumps or small dents in the skin that form when a person keeps injecting the needle in the same spot.
Low The state of having low blood sugar.
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Macroangiopathy See: Angiopathy.
Macrosomia Abnormally large; in a diabetes context, it is the phenomenon of abnormally large babies that may be born to women with diabetes whose pregnancies are not closely monitored.
Macrovascular disease A disease of the large blood vessels that sometimes occurs when a person has had diabetes for a long time.
Macular edema A swelling (edema) in the macula, an area near the center of the retina of the eye that is responsible for fine or reading vision. Macular edema is a common complication associated with diabetic retinopathy. See also: Diabetic retinopathy; retina.
Maturity-onset diabetes Former term for noninsulin-dependent or type 2 diabetes. See: Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) One of at least six rare types of diabetes mellitus caused by genetic defect.
Meal plan A guide for controlling the amount of calories, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats a person eats. People with diabetes can use such plans as the Exchange Lists or the Point System to help them plan their meals so that they can keep their diabetes under control. See also: Exchange lists; point system.
Medical identification tag Cards, bracelets, or necklaces with a written message used by people with diabetes or other medical problems to alert others in case of a medical emergency such as coma.
Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome) A set of signs and symptoms correlated with both insulin resistance and risk of cardiovascular disease. The set can be summed up mainly by high blood pressure, unhealthy cholesterol levels (high LDL, low HDL), chronic mild high blood sugar, and tendency toward overweight, especially in the abdomen. Metabolic syndrome overlaps or correlates with prediabetes.
Metabolism metabolism is the sum of all the processes involved in using food to produce chemical energy for cell functions. It is a complex interaction of enzymes, substrates, itnermediate products, etc. diabetes mellitus is a derangement of metabolism.
Metformin A drug treatment for type 2 diabetes; belongs to a class of drugs called biguanides. First-line pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Mg/dL Milligrams per deciliter. How much glucose (sugar) is in a specific amount of blood. In self-monitoring of blood glucose, test results are given as the amount of glucose in milligrams per deciliter of blood. A fasting reading of 70 to 110 mg/dL is considered in the normal (nondiabetic) range. (This is the standard measurement of blood sugar in the US. The rest of the world uses mmol/l)
Microaneurysm A small swelling that forms on the side of tiny blood vessels. These small swellings may break and bleed into nearby tissue. People with diabetes sometimes get microaneurysms in the retina of the eye.
Microangiopathy See: Angiopathy.
Microvascular disease Disease of the smallest blood vessels that sometimes occurs when a person has had diabetes for a long time.
Mixed dose Combining two kinds of insulin in one injection. A mixed dose commonly combines regular insulin, which is fast acting, with a longer acting insulin such as NPH. A mixed dose insulin schedule may be prescribed to provide both short-term and long-term coverage.
mmol/l Millimoles per litre. The world-standard (excepting the US) designated SI unit for the measurement of blood sugar levels. It is the concentration by molecular weight in a set amount of liquid.
Mononeuropathy A form of diabetic neuropathy affecting a single nerve. The eye is a common site for this form of nerve damage. See also: Neuropathy.
Morbidity rate the rate at which
Mortality rate the rate at which death occurs (usually used as a statistical shorthand in regard to an infection or other condition).
Myocardial infarction heart attack. The words mean heart muscle blockage.
Myo-inositol A substance in the cell that is thought to play a role in helping the nerves to work. Low levels of myo-inositol may be involved in diabetic neuropathy.
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) One of the 17 institutes that make up the National Institutes of Health, an agency of the Public Health Service.
Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum A skin condition usually on the lower part of the legs. The lesions can be small or extend over a large area. They are usually raised, yellow, and waxy in appearance and often have a purple border. Young women are most often affected. This condition occurs in people with diabetes, or it may be a sign of diabetes. It also occurs in people who do not have diabetes.
Neovascularization When new, tiny blood vessels grow in a new place, for example, out from the retina. See also: Diabetic retinopathy.
Nephrologist a physician specializing in diseases of and treatment of the kidneys
Nephropathy Disease of the kidneys caused by damage to the small blood vessels or to the units in the kidneys that clean the blood. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage.
Nerve conduction studies Tests to determine nerve function; can detect early neuropathy.
Neurologist a physician specializing in diseases of and treatment of the nervous system.
Neuropathy nerve damage. In a diabetic context, a chronic complication of diabetes. Damage usually appears in the longest nerves, for reasons we only dimly understand, resulting in loss of sensation to the feet and lower legs. The damage is almost always bilateral. Loss of reflexes is also common. Neuropathy can also affect the hands, motor nerves, and the autonomic system.
NIDDM See: Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) Out-of-date name for Type 2 diabetes mellitus. See: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Noninvasive blood glucose monitoring A way to measure blood glucose without having to prick the finger to obtain a blood sample. Several noninvasive devices are currently being developed.
Nonketotic coma A type of coma caused by a lack of insulin. A nonketotic crisis means: (1) very high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood; (2) absence of ketoacidosis; (3) great loss of body fluid; and (4) a sleepy, confused, or comatose state. Nonketotic coma often results from some other problem such as a severe infection or kidney failure.
NPH insulin A type of insulin that is intermediate-acting.
Nutrition The proper levels of needed ingredients in the diet. Thus, '...his nutrition has been deficient in the past several weeks, as he is showing signs of scurvy, the deficiency disease associated with inadequate levels of vitamin C'.
Nutritionist See: Dietitian.
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Obesity the condition of having more weight than is best. What is best is less easy to determine. At a gross level, insurance company records can define obesity, or increased understanding of optimum levels of fat can define them. Fashion is the least sensible source of a standard for the proper level of fat in a person.
Obstetrician a physician specializing in pregnancy and delivery of children.
OGTT See: Oral glucose tolerance test.
Ophthalmologist a physician specializing in diseases of and treatment of the eyes.
Optometrist A person professionally trained to test the eyes and to detect and treat eye problems and some diseases by prescribing and adapting corrective lenses and other optical aids and by suggesting eye exercise programs.
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
Oral hypoglycemic agents Pills or capsules that people take to lower the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
Overt diabetes Diabetes in the person who shows clear sign/s of the disease such as a great thirst and the need to urinate often.
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Pancreas an abdominal organ with multiple functions. It is a ducted organ which produces chemicals used in the intestines for digestion. It is also an endocrine gland producing several hormones in the islets of Langerhans. The most notable of these latter is insulin.
Pancreas transplant A surgical procedure that involves replacing the pancreas of a person who has diabetes with a healthy pancreas that can make insulin.
Pancreatectomy A procedure in which a surgeon takes out the pancreas.
Pancreatitis inflammation and irritation of the pancreas. Can be caused by several conditions. Infection is one, duct blockage is another.
Peak action The time period when the effect of something is as strong as it can be such as when insulin in having the most effect on lowering the glucose (sugar) in the blood.
Periodontal disease usually an infection or inflammation of the gums.
Periodontist A specialist in the treatment of diseases of the gums.
Peripheral neuropathy Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy."
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood.
Peritoneal dialysis A way to clean the blood of people who have kidney disease. See also: Dialysis.
Pharmacist practitioner of pharmacy.
Photocoagulation Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy.
Pituitary gland an endocrine gland at the base of the brain. It is usually called the master gland, for its signals control the operation of most of the other endocrine glands.
Podiatrist A doctor who treats and takes care of people's feet.
Podiatry The care and treatment of human feet in health and disease.
Point system A way to plan meals that uses points to rate food. The foods are placed in four classes: calories, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Each food is given a point value within its class. A person with a planned diet for the day can choose foods in the same class that have the same point values for meals and snacks.
Polydipsia A great thirst that lasts for long periods of time; a sign of diabetes.
Polyphagia Great hunger; a sign of diabetes. People with this great hunger often lose weight.
Polyunsaturated fats A type of fat that usually comes from plants. See also: Fats.
Polyuria Having to urinate often; a common sign of diabetes.
Postprandial blood glucose Blood taken 1–2 hours after eating to see the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
Prediabetes A precursor stage before diabetes mellitus in which not all of the symptoms required to diagnose diabetes are present, but blood sugar is abnormally high. Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance are types of prediabetes.
Preeclampsia A condition that some women with diabetes have during the late stages of pregnancy. Two signs of this condition are high blood pressure and swelling because the body cells are holding extra water.
Prevalence rate of happening of something. Example: there is a high prevalence of sleeping amongst humans.
Previous abnormality of glucose tolerance (PrevAGT) People who have had above-normal levels of blood glucose (sugar) when tested for diabetes in the past but who show as normal on a current test. PrevAGT used to be called either "latent diabetes" or "prediabetes."
Prognosis Telling a person now what is likely to happen in the future because of having a disease.
Proinsulin The substance made first in the pancreas that is then made into insulin.
Proliferative retinopathy damage to the retina caused by growth of small blood vessels. the proliferative variety is dangerous to sight.
Prosthesis a replacement for a body part. For instance, a foot or leg.
Protein a class of biochemicals made from amino acids in specific sequences. Proteins can be very large molecules with very specific shapes in folds and sheets, etc. They have three prominent functions in the body. Some varieties are, save for bone, the structural components of cells and so of the body. Other varieties are enzymes, which coordinate the chemical reactions which are required for life: metabolism, protein construction and degradation, reproduction, etc. A smaller third class of proteins are hormones. Insulin, central to diabetes mellitus, is a protein and is a very small one.
Proteinuria presence of protein in urine, and evidence of serious malfunction of the kidneys as protein is normally very carefully conserved.
Pruritus Itching skin; may be a symptom of diabetes.
Purified insulins Insulins with much less of the impure proinsulin. It is thought that the use of purified insulins may help avoid or reduce some of the problems of people with diabetes such as allergic reactions.
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Rebound A swing to a high level of glucose (sugar) in the blood after having a low level. See also: Somogyi effect.
Receptors
Regular insulin A type of insulin that is fast acting.
Renal Related to the kidneys.
Renal threshold When the blood is holding so much of a substance such as glucose (sugar) that the kidneys allow the excess to spill into the urine. This is also called "kidney threshold," "spilling point," and "leak point."
Retina
Retinopathy See also: Diabetic retinopathy.
Risk factor Anything that raises the chance that a person will get a disease. With noninsulin-dependent diabetes, people have a greater risk of getting the disease if they weigh a lot more (20 percent or more) than they should.
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Saccharin A human-made sweetener that people use in place of sugar because it has no calories.
Saturated fat A type of fat that comes primarily from animals. See also: Fats.
Secondary diabetes When a person gets diabetes because of another disease or because of taking certain drugs or chemicals.
Secrete To make and give off such as when the beta cells make insulin and then release it into the blood so that the other cells in the body can use it to turn glucose (sugar) into energy.
Segmental transplantation A surgical procedure in which a part of a pancreas that contains insulin-producing cells is placed in a person whose pancreas has stopped making insulin.
Self-monitoring of blood glucose A way as person can test how much glucose (sugar) is in the blood. Also called home blood glucose monitoring. See also: Blood glucose monitoring.
Shock A severe condition that disturbs the body. A person with diabetes can go into shock when the level of blood glucose (sugar) drops suddenly. See also: Insulin shock.
Sliding scale Adjusting insulin on the basis of blood glucose tests, meals, and activity levels.
Somatic neuropathy See: Peripheral neuropathy.
Somatostatin A hormone made by the delta cells of the pancreas (in areas called the islets of Langerhans). Scientists think it may control how the body secretes two other hormones, insulin and glucagon.
Somogyi effect A swing to a high level of glucose (sugar) in the blood from an extremely low level, usually occurring after an untreated insulin reaction during the night. The swing is caused by the release of stress hormones to counter low glucose levels. People who experience high levels of blood glucose in the morning may need to test their blood glucose levels in the middle of the night. If blood glucose levels are falling or low, adjustments in evening snacks or insulin doses may be recommended. This condition is named after Dr. Michael Somogyi, the man who first wrote about it. Also called "rebound hypoglycemia".
Sorbitol a kind of combination alcohol-sugar. A member of the polyol class of chemicals.
Spilling point When the blood is holding so much of a substance such as glucose (sugar) that the kidneys allow the excess to spill into the urine. See also: Renal threshold.
Split dose Division of a prescribed daily dose of insulin into two or more injections given over the course of a day. Also may be referred to as multiple injections. Many people who use insulin feel that split doses offer more consistent control over blood glucose (sugar) levels.
Stiff hand syndrome Thickening of the skin of the palm that results in loss of ability to hold hand straight. This condition occurs only in people with diabetes.
Stroke a non-traumatic interruption in the blood supply to an organ, particularly the brain. There are two varieties, the bleeding sort in which a blood vessel leaks blood into tissues. In the brain, these produce hematomas (i.e., pools of blood within the skull). The other kind is an ischemic stroke in which the flow of blood is interrupted, often because of vessel blockage by a clot or plaque. Both kill tissue and can cause considerable damage, including death.
Subclinical diabetes See: Impaired glucose tolerance.
Subcutaneous injection Putting a fluid into the tissue under the skin with a needle and syringe. See also: Injection.
Sucrose
Sugar A class of carbohydrates that taste sweet. Sugar is a quick and easy fuel for the body to use. Types of sugar are lactose, glucose, fructose, and sucrose.
Sulfonylureas Pills or capsules that people take to lower the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. See also: Oral hypoglycemic agents.
Symptom An indication of disease; a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by the person experiencing it. Having to urinate often is a symptom of diabetes. A symptom can be verified only by the person who has it, whereas a sign can be verified by both that person and others. For example, skin redness is a sign.
Syndrome A set of signs or a series of events occurring together that make up a disease or health problem.
Syndrome X/Metabolic syndrome See: Metabolic syndrome.
Syringe
Systemic Conditions that affect the entire body. Diabetes is a systemic disease because it involves many parts of the body such as the pancreas, eyes, kidneys, heart, and nerves.
Systolic blood pressure See: Blood pressure.
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Team management A diabetes treatment approach in which medical care is provided by a physician, physician assistant, diabetes educator, dietitian, and behavioral scientist working together with the patient.
Thrush An infection of the mouth. In people with diabetes, this infection may be caused by high levels of glucose (sugar) in mouth fluids, which helps the growth of fungus that causes the infection. Patches of whitish-colored skin in the mouth are signs of this disease.
Tolazamide A pill taken to lower the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Only some people with noninsulin-dependent diabetes take these pills. See also: Oral hypoglycemic agents. (Tolinase)
Tolbutamide A pill taken to lower the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Only some people with noninsulin-dependent diabetes take these pills. See also: Oral hypoglycemic agents. (Orinase)
Toxemia of pregnancy (preeclampsia) A condition in pregnant women involving high blood pressure, protein in the urine, and edema. It can harm both mother and child, but resolves after delivery. The first signs of toxemia are swelling near the eyes and ankles (edema), headache, high blood pressure, and weight gain that the mother might confuse with the normal weight gain of being pregnant. The mother may have both glucose (sugar) and acetone in her urine. The mother should tell the doctor about these signs at once. Women who become diabetic during their pregnancies have a 15% higher chance of developing preeclampsia; women who are diabetic before becoming pregnant have a 30% chance of developing preeclampsia.
Toxic Harmful; having to do with poison.
Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) A treatment for painful neuropathy.
Trauma
Triglyceride
Twenty-four hour urine The total amount of a person's urine for a 24-hour period.
Diabetes mellitus type 1 It is a chronic condition in which the pancreas makes little or no insulin because the beta cells have been destroyed. About two-thirds of body cells require insulin to absorb glucose and in its absence, they will not be able to use the glucose (blood sugar) for energy. Type 1 diabetes usually comes on abruptly, although the damage to the beta cells may begin much earlier. Typical signs of Type 1 diabetes are a great thirst, hunger, a need to urinate often, and loss of weight. To treat the disease, the person must inject insulin and test blood glucose frequently.[2] Type 1 diabetes usually occurs in children and adults who are under age 30. This type of diabetes used to be known as "insulin-dependent diabetes," "juvenile diabetes," "juvenile-onset diabetes" and "ketosis-prone diabetes."
Diabetes mellitus type 2 The most common form of diabetes mellitus; about 90 to 95 percent of people who have diabetes in the developed world have Type 2 diabetes. Unlike Type 1 diabetes, in which the pancreas makes no insulin, people with Type 2 diabetes produce some insulin, sometimes even large amounts. However, either their bodies do not produce enough insulin or their body cells are resistant to insulin (see Insulin Resistance). People with Type 2 diabetes can often control their condition by losing weight through diet and exercise. If not, they may need to combine insulin or a pill with diet and exercise. Generally, Type 2 diabetes occurs in people who are over age 40. Most of the people who have this type of diabetes are overweight. This type of diabetes used to be known as "noninsulin-dependent diabetes," "adult-onset diabetes," "maturity-onset diabetes," "ketosis-resistant diabetes" and "stable diabetes."
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Ulcer A break in the skin; a deep sore. People with diabetes may get ulcers from minor scrapes on the feet or legs, from cuts that heal slowly, or from the rubbing of shoes that do not fit well. Ulcers can become infected.
Ultralente insulin A type of insulin that is long acting.
Medical ultrasound
Unit of insulin The basic measure of insulin. U-100 insulin means 100 units of insulin per milliliter (mL) or cubic centimeter (cc) of solution. Most insulin made today in the United States is U-100.
Unsaturated fats A type of fat. See also: Fats.
Unstable diabetes A type of diabetes when a person's blood glucose (sugar) level often swings quickly from high to low and from low to high. Also called "brittle diabetes" or "labile diabetes."
Urea
Urine testing Checking urine to see if it contains glucose (sugar) and ketones. Special strips of paper or tablets (called reagents) are put into a small amount of urine or urine plus water. Changes in the color of the strip show the amount of glucose or ketones in the urine. Urine testing is less desirable than blood testing for monitoring the level of glucose in the body. See also: Blood glucose monitoring; reagents.
Urologist
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Vaginitis An infection of the vagina usually caused by a fungus. A woman with this condition may have itching or burning and may notice a discharge. Women who have diabetes may develop vaginitis more often than women who do not have diabetes.
Vascular Relating to the body's blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries).
Vein
Visceral neuropathy
Vitrectomy Removing the gel from the center of the eyeball because it has blood and scar tissue in it that blocks sight. An eye surgeon replaces the clouded gel with a clear fluid. See also: Diabetic retinopathy.
Vitreous humor The clear jelly (gel) that fills the center of the eye.
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Xylitol A sweetener found in plants and used as a substitute for sugar; it is called a nutritive sweetener because it provides calories, just like sugar.
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