Tolbutamide
Tolbutamide[edit | edit source]
Tolbutamide is an oral hypoglycemic agent belonging to the class of sulfonylureas. It is primarily used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus to help control blood sugar levels. Tolbutamide works by stimulating the release of insulin from the beta cells of the pancreas.
Mechanism of Action[edit | edit source]
Tolbutamide acts by binding to the sulfonylurea receptor on the surface of pancreatic beta cells. This binding leads to the closure of ATP-sensitive potassium channels, resulting in the depolarization of the cell membrane. The depolarization opens voltage-gated calcium channels, allowing calcium ions to enter the cell. The increase in intracellular calcium concentration triggers the exocytosis of insulin-containing granules, thereby increasing insulin secretion.
Pharmacokinetics[edit | edit source]
Tolbutamide is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. It has a relatively short half-life, which necessitates multiple daily dosing. The drug is metabolized in the liver to inactive metabolites and is excreted primarily in the urine.
Clinical Use[edit | edit source]
Tolbutamide is indicated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients who cannot achieve adequate glycemic control with diet and exercise alone. It is often used in combination with other antidiabetic agents such as metformin or insulin to achieve better glycemic control.
Side Effects[edit | edit source]
Common side effects of tolbutamide include hypoglycemia, nausea, and skin rash. Hypoglycemia is the most serious side effect and can occur if the drug is taken without adequate food intake or if the patient engages in excessive physical activity. Other potential side effects include weight gain and gastrointestinal disturbances.
Contraindications[edit | edit source]
Tolbutamide is contraindicated in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, diabetic ketoacidosis, and those with known hypersensitivity to sulfonylureas. It should be used with caution in patients with renal or hepatic impairment.
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