Insulinoma

Pancreatic_insulinoma_(2).JPG

Insulinoma is a rare pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor that originates from the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. These tumors are typically benign, but they can cause significant clinical symptoms due to the excessive production of insulin, leading to hypoglycemia.

Presentation

Patients with insulinoma often present with symptoms of hypoglycemia, which can include sweating, tremors, palpitations, hunger, confusion, visual disturbances, and in severe cases, seizures or loss of consciousness. These symptoms are typically relieved by the intake of glucose.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of insulinoma is based on clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. The Whipple's triad is often used to diagnose insulinoma, which includes: 1. Symptoms of hypoglycemia 2. Low plasma glucose concentration 3. Relief of symptoms after the administration of glucose

Laboratory tests include measuring fasting blood glucose and insulin levels. Imaging studies such as endoscopic ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used to localize the tumor.

Treatment

The primary treatment for insulinoma is surgical removal of the tumor. In cases where surgery is not possible, medical management with drugs such as diazoxide or octreotide may be used to control hypoglycemia.

Prognosis

The prognosis for patients with insulinoma is generally good, especially if the tumor is benign and can be completely removed surgically. However, malignant insulinomas, which are rare, have a poorer prognosis.

Epidemiology

Insulinomas are the most common type of functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, but they are still relatively rare, with an estimated incidence of 1-4 cases per million people per year. They can occur at any age but are most commonly diagnosed in adults between the ages of 40 and 60.

See also

• Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
• Hypoglycemia
• Islets of Langerhans
• Endocrinology