Diabetic myonecrosis

Diabetic Myonecrosis is a rare complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily affecting individuals with long-standing Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. It is characterized by the sudden onset of severe muscle pain and swelling, typically in the lower limbs, and is often associated with significant muscle weakness.

Etiology

The exact cause of diabetic myonecrosis is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to microvascular disease and ischemia. The condition is more common in patients with poor glycemic control, and those with a history of other microvascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with diabetic myonecrosis typically present with sudden onset of severe muscle pain and swelling, often in the thigh or calf. The affected muscle may be tender to touch, and there may be associated muscle weakness. Unlike other conditions that can cause muscle pain in patients with diabetes, such as diabetic neuropathy, there is usually no sensory loss in diabetic myonecrosis.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of diabetic myonecrosis is typically based on clinical presentation and imaging studies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice, and typically shows an area of increased signal intensity in the affected muscle, consistent with inflammation and necrosis. Biopsy of the affected muscle may be performed to confirm the diagnosis, but is not always necessary.

Treatment

Treatment of diabetic myonecrosis primarily involves pain management and improving glycemic control. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids may be used for pain relief. Insulin therapy may be intensified to improve glycemic control. Physical therapy may be beneficial to improve muscle strength and function. In severe cases, surgical debridement of the necrotic muscle may be necessary.

Prognosis

The prognosis of diabetic myonecrosis is generally good, with most patients experiencing resolution of symptoms within a few weeks to months. However, recurrence is common, and the condition can lead to significant disability due to muscle weakness.