Sorbitol

Sorbitol, also known as glucitol, is a sugar alcohol that the human body metabolizes slowly. It is obtained by the reduction of glucose, which changes the aldehyde group to a hydroxyl group. Sorbitol is widely used as a sweetener in foods and pharmaceuticals due to its pleasant taste and lower caloric content compared to sucrose. It also serves as a laxative and a non-stimulant treatment for constipation.

Properties and Production

Sorbitol is a six-carbon sugar alcohol, which is a type of polyol. It has a sweet taste, though less sweet than sucrose, and is often used in diet foods and sugar-free candies and gums. Industrially, sorbitol is produced from glucose by hydrogenation. It can also be found naturally in various fruits and berries.

Uses

Food Industry

In the food industry, sorbitol is valued for its ability to retain moisture, add sweetness, and provide texture to products without contributing to tooth decay. It is commonly found in sugar-free and reduced-calorie foods, chewing gums, and diabetic candies. Sorbitol is also used as a humectant in some cookies and cakes to keep them moist.

Pharmaceuticals

Sorbitol serves multiple roles in pharmaceuticals, including as a laxative, an excipient, and a sweetening agent. As a laxative, it works by drawing water into the large intestine, stimulating bowel movements. Sorbitol is also used in oral care products like toothpaste and mouthwashes for its non-cariogenic properties.

Cosmetics

In cosmetics, sorbitol acts as a humectant and thickener in products such as lotions, creams, and facial cleansers. Its ability to retain moisture helps in keeping the skin hydrated.

Health Effects

While sorbitol is generally safe for consumption, excessive intake can lead to gastrointestinal discomfort, including gas, bloating, and diarrhea. This is because sorbitol is partially absorbed in the intestine and can ferment with gut bacteria, producing gas. Individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or fructose malabsorption may need to avoid sorbitol.

Regulation

The use of sorbitol in food and pharmaceutical products is regulated by various international agencies, including the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in the European Union. These organizations ensure that sorbitol is safe for consumption within the recommended intake levels.

See Also

• Sugar alcohol
• Xylitol
• Erythritol
• Mannitol
• Laxative