Blood pressure

Blood pressure
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Blood pressure is a critical measurement in medicine used to assess the force exerted by the blood against the arterial walls. This pressure is influenced by the pumping action of the heart, as it circulates blood through the arteries to various organs and tissues in the body.

Blood pressure is commonly measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) using a device called a sphygmomanometer. The measurement consists of two numbers: the systolic and diastolic pressures. These values represent the maximum and minimum pressure exerted on the artery walls, respectively, during the cardiac cycle.

Measurement

In a standard blood pressure measurement, two numbers are recorded:

• Systolic pressure — This is the higher value, representing the pressure in the arteries when the heart is contracting (in systole), pumping blood out. This is when the arteries experience the greatest pressure.
• Diastolic pressure — This is the lower value, recorded when the heart is resting between beats (in diastole) and is not actively pumping blood.

For example, a blood pressure reading of 122/65 mmHg is read as "122 over 65" and means that during the contraction of the heart, the systolic pressure is 122 mmHg, and during the relaxation phase, the diastolic pressure is 65 mmHg.

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is another key measurement, representing the average pressure in a person's arteries during one cardiac cycle, and can be calculated from systolic and diastolic pressures.

Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures and is another indicator of cardiovascular health.

Normal Blood Pressure

A digital blood pressure meter showing a blood pressure of 122 systolic and 65 diastolic, read as "122 over 65" or 122/65 mmHg.

For most healthy adults, the ideal blood pressure is considered to be a systolic pressure below 120 mmHg and a diastolic pressure below 80 mmHg, commonly referred to as "120/80." Blood pressure values above this threshold may indicate a risk for hypertension or other cardiovascular conditions.

Blood pressure may vary depending on factors such as age, activity level, stress, diet, medications, and underlying health conditions. Even the anxiety of having one's blood pressure taken can lead to a temporary spike, a phenomenon known as white coat hypertension.

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)

Main article: Hypertension

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, occurs when the force exerted by the blood on the arterial walls is consistently too high. It is one of the most common cardiovascular conditions and affects approximately one in every three adults in many developed countries. The condition can damage the arteries over time, leading to an increased risk of serious health complications such as stroke, heart attack, kidney disease, and heart failure.

Hypertension often develops without obvious symptoms, which is why it is frequently referred to as the "silent killer." Regular blood pressure monitoring is essential for detecting and managing high blood pressure. Lifestyle changes, including dietary modifications, exercise, and medication, are often necessary to control high blood pressure.

Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension)

Main article: Hypotension

Hypotension, or low blood pressure, occurs when blood pressure drops too low, leading to inadequate blood flow to vital organs such as the brain, heart, and kidneys. While low blood pressure is generally seen as less dangerous than high blood pressure, it can cause symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, and fatigue.

In severe cases, extremely low blood pressure can be life-threatening, depriving organs of oxygen and nutrients. It is especially concerning when the body is unable to compensate for the drop in pressure. Treatment for hypotension depends on the underlying cause, which may include dehydration, blood loss, or certain medications.

Factors Influencing Blood Pressure

Several factors can affect a person's blood pressure, including:

• Age: Blood pressure generally increases with age as blood vessels lose elasticity.
• Genetics: Family history plays a role in the likelihood of developing high blood pressure.
• Diet: A diet high in sodium and low in potassium can contribute to high blood pressure, while a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables can help maintain healthy levels.
• Physical activity: Regular exercise can help lower blood pressure, while a sedentary lifestyle can increase the risk of hypertension.
• Stress: Emotional stress and anxiety can cause temporary spikes in blood pressure.

Monitoring and Diagnosis

Blood pressure can be measured manually using a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope or automatically with a digital device. The measurement process typically involves placing a cuff around the upper arm, inflating it to constrict the blood flow, and then slowly releasing the pressure while listening for the sounds of blood flowing through the artery.

Healthcare providers may recommend regular monitoring for individuals with known risk factors for hypertension or hypotension. In cases of suspicion, blood pressure can be measured over several visits or at different times of day to confirm a diagnosis.

Related Conditions

• Hypertension
• Heart disease
• Stroke
• Kidney disease
• Arteriosclerosis

See Also

• Blood pressure classifications
• Cardiovascular disease
• Hypertensive heart disease

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