Hemoglobin A1C

Hemoglobin A1C (also known as HbA1c, A1C, or glycated hemoglobin) is a form of hemoglobin that is chemically linked to a sugar. Most monosaccharides, including glucose, galactose and fructose, spontaneously (i.e. non-enzymatically) bond with hemoglobin, when present in the bloodstream of humans. However, glucose is less likely to do so than galactose and fructose, but, is more common in the bloodstream.

Overview

Hemoglobin A1C is particularly important in the management of diabetes mellitus. The amount of HbA1c formed is directly proportional to the average concentration of glucose in the blood over the entire lifespan of the red blood cells. Therefore, the level of HbA1c is a good indicator of long term glucose control.

Measurement

The HbA1c level can be measured from a blood sample. The test is not affected by short term changes in blood glucose concentrations, such as those which occur after meals, and so it does not need to be done fasting.

Interpretation

The HbA1c level gives an indication of what the person's average blood glucose level was for the preceding 2 to 3 months. It is therefore a useful tool in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment in people with diabetes.

Role in Diabetes Management

The HbA1c test is used in the management of patients with diabetes, particularly those who are on insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents. The aim of treatment in diabetes is to keep the blood glucose level as close to normal as possible. This reduces the risk of complications associated with diabetes, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy.

See Also

• Diabetes mellitus
• Glucose
• Hemoglobin
• Insulin
• Retinopathy
• Nephropathy
• Neuropathy

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