Rearguard

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Rearguard refers to the portion of an army or military force positioned at the rear, or the most distant part, of a formation. Its primary role is to protect the main body of the force from surprise attacks from the rear, ensuring the security and integrity of the entire formation during marches, retreats, or while in camp. The concept of a rearguard is as old as organized warfare itself, with its importance being recognized in numerous historical and modern military strategies and campaigns.

History

The use of rearguard tactics can be traced back to ancient times, where formations such as the Roman legion utilized a rearguard as part of their military maneuvers. In medieval warfare, the rearguard was crucial during the retreats and advances of armies, providing protection against pursuing enemies. The famous rearguard action at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass in 778, where Charlemagne's rearguard was ambushed by Basque forces, is an early example of the critical role played by rearguards in military history.

During the Napoleonic Wars, the concept of the rearguard was further developed and utilized by generals such as Napoleon Bonaparte himself. The rearguard actions during the retreat from Russia in 1812 are notable for their strategic importance in allowing the main body of Napoleon's Grande Armée to retreat with fewer casualties.

In modern warfare, the rearguard still plays a vital role, especially in asymmetric warfare scenarios where traditional front lines are blurred, and attacks can come from any direction. The principles of protecting the main force, delaying the enemy, and ensuring the safe withdrawal of troops are as relevant today as they were in the past.

Functions

The primary functions of a rearguard include:

• **Protection**: Ensuring the safety of the main force from rear attacks.
• **Delaying Actions**: Engaging the enemy to delay their advance, allowing the main body to retreat or reposition safely.
• **Security**: Providing a secure perimeter during halts or encampments.
• **Intelligence**: Gathering information on enemy movements and intentions from the rear.

Composition

A rearguard is typically composed of units selected for their mobility, defensive capabilities, and sometimes, their familiarity with the terrain. It may include infantry, cavalry (or in modern times, armored vehicles), and artillery elements, supported by engineers and signal units for communication.

Challenges

The rearguard faces unique challenges, including the risk of isolation from the main force, the potential for encirclement by the enemy, and the psychological strain of being the last line of defense. Effective communication, discipline, and leadership are crucial for the successful operation of a rearguard.

Notable Rearguard Actions

• Battle of Roncevaux Pass (778)
• Retreat from Moscow (1812)
• Battle of Dunkirk (1940), where rearguard actions by the Allies allowed the evacuation of over 300,000 troops.

See Also

• Vanguard
• Flanking maneuver
• Military tactics