Reed–Sternberg cell

Reed-Sternberg lymphocyte nci-vol-7172-300

Popcorn cell in nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma - very high mag cropped

Reed–Sternberg cells are distinctive, abnormal lymphocytes that may be found in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma, a type of lymphoma. These cells are usually derived from B lymphocytes, although they can occasionally originate from T lymphocytes. The presence of Reed–Sternberg cells is a necessary criterion for the diagnosis of Hodgkin's lymphoma, but their presence alone is not sufficient for diagnosis, as they can appear in other conditions as well.

Characteristics

Reed–Sternberg cells are large, often with two nuclei that give the appearance of "owl's eyes" due to the inclusion of prominent nucleoli. These cells are typically CD30 and CD15 positive, while negative for lymphocyte common antigen (CD45). The morphological and immunophenotypic characteristics of Reed–Sternberg cells are crucial for the diagnosis of Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Pathogenesis

The exact cause of the transformation of normal B lymphocytes into Reed–Sternberg cells is not fully understood. However, it is believed that genetic mutations, viral infections (notably with Epstein-Barr virus), and immune dysregulation may play roles in their development. These cells secrete various cytokines that attract inflammatory cells, creating a tumor microenvironment that supports their survival and proliferation.

Clinical Significance

The identification of Reed–Sternberg cells in a biopsy of lymphoid tissue is essential for the diagnosis of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Their presence, along with other clinical and pathological findings, guides the staging and treatment of the disease. Treatment options for Hodgkin's lymphoma may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy, depending on the stage and characteristics of the disease.

Research and Future Directions

Research into Reed–Sternberg cells continues to focus on understanding their origin, the mechanisms behind their survival and proliferation, and their role in the pathogenesis of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Advances in these areas may lead to more targeted and effective treatments for Hodgkin's lymphoma and potentially other lymphoproliferative disorders.