Republic of Texas

Flag of Republic of Texas (1836-1839)

Flag of Texas (1835–1839)

Flag of Texas (1839–1879)

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Lizars Mexico & Guatimala 1836 UTA (detail of Texas)

Bradford Texas 1838 (Boston) UTA

Map of the Republic of Texas and the Adjacent Territories, 1841

Republic of Texas

The Republic of Texas was a sovereign state in North America that existed from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846. It was bordered by Mexico to the west and southwest, the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast, and the United States of America to the east and northeast. The Republic of Texas declared its independence from Mexico following the Texas Revolution, which culminated in the victory at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836. The Treaty of Velasco ended the conflict, granting Texas its independence, although Mexico refused to recognize the new republic.

History

The history of the Republic of Texas is marked by its struggle for sovereignty, internal governance issues, and conflicts with indigenous peoples and Mexico. After declaring independence, the Republic faced numerous challenges, including financial difficulties, the threat of Mexican invasion, and disputes with Native American tribes. The Republic of Texas was recognized by several countries, including the United States, France, and the United Kingdom, which established diplomatic relations.

Independence

The movement for independence began in the early 1830s, as settlers from the United States, known as Texians, and Tejanos, or Mexicans residing in Texas, grew increasingly dissatisfied with the centralist policies of Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna. Tensions escalated, leading to the Texas Revolution. Key battles included the Battle of the Alamo and the decisive Battle of San Jacinto, where General Sam Houston's forces defeated Santa Anna's army.

Annexation by the United States

The question of annexation by the United States was a contentious issue within the Republic and the U.S. itself, largely due to concerns over slavery and the balance of power between free and slave states. The Annexation of Texas was finally achieved under U.S. President James K. Polk, who was a strong advocate for expansion. The process was completed on December 29, 1845, when Texas became the 28th state of the United States.

Government

The government of the Republic of Texas was defined by the Constitution of the Republic of Texas, adopted in 1836. It established a bicameral legislature, consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate, an executive branch led by a President, and a judicial system. The capital of the Republic moved several times, with the cities of Houston, Velasco, West Columbia, and finally Austin serving as capitals.

Economy

The economy of the Republic of Texas was primarily agrarian, with cotton being the dominant crop. Cattle ranching and timber were also important economic activities. The Republic faced financial difficulties, including debt from the Texas Revolution and challenges in establishing a stable currency.

Military

The military of the Republic of Texas played a crucial role in its defense and in conflicts with Mexico and Native American tribes. The Texas Navy was established to protect the coast and trade routes. The Texas Rangers, a law enforcement and military organization, was formed to provide security within the Republic and played a significant role in its history.

Legacy

The legacy of the Republic of Texas continues to influence the state's identity and culture. The period of the Republic is celebrated in Texas history, and the state flag and seal reflect its independent past.