Retinal vein thrombosis

Retinal Vein Thrombosis (RVT) is a condition affecting the eye, specifically the retina, leading to vision impairment or loss due to the blockage of the retinal vein. This blockage is typically caused by a blood clot, which prevents blood from draining out of the retina. This can result in a buildup of pressure, leading to damage and swelling of the retinal tissues. RVT is categorized into two main types: Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) and Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO), depending on the location of the vein occlusion.

Causes and Risk Factors

The primary cause of RVT is the formation of a blood clot within the retinal vein. Several factors can increase the risk of developing RVT, including:

• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Glaucoma
• Blood disorders that increase clotting tendency
• Age-related changes in the vascular system
• Smoking

Symptoms

Symptoms of RVT may vary depending on the severity and type of occlusion but commonly include:

• Sudden or gradual vision loss in one eye
• Blurry or distorted vision
• Presence of dark spots or lines (floaters) in the vision

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of RVT involves a comprehensive eye examination, including:

• Visual acuity test
• Fundus examination
• Fluorescein Angiography
• Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

Treatment

Treatment for RVT aims to manage the underlying cause and prevent further vision loss. Options may include:

• Anti-VEGF injections to reduce macular edema
• Laser photocoagulation therapy
• Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and swelling
• Management of underlying systemic conditions such as hypertension and diabetes

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with RVT varies. Some may experience a partial or complete recovery of vision, while others may suffer from persistent vision loss. Early detection and treatment are crucial in improving the outcome.

Prevention

Preventive measures for RVT focus on controlling risk factors and include:

• Regular monitoring and control of blood pressure and blood sugar levels
• Avoiding smoking
• Regular eye examinations, especially for individuals with known risk factors