Rosa × centifolia

Rosa × centifolia, commonly known as the Cabbage Rose or Provence Rose, is a hybrid rose developed by Dutch rose breeders in the period between the 17th century and the 19th century, possibly earlier. It is known for its distinctive layered petals and strong, sweet fragrance. The name centifolia literally means "hundred-petaled," reflecting the flower's lush, full-bodied appearance. This rose has played a significant role in horticulture, perfumery, and art throughout history.

Description

Rosa × centifolia is a deciduous shrub that can reach heights of 1-2 meters. Its stems are covered in numerous thorns and its leaves are pinnate, with 5-7 leaflets that are dark green in color. The flowers of Rosa × centifolia are renowned for their large size, intricate petal arrangement, and exquisite perfume. The blooms are usually pink and can appear in various shades from pale to deep. Each flower is densely packed with petals, contributing to its characteristic "cabbage" look. The roses typically flower once in late spring or early summer.

History and Cultivation

The exact origins of Rosa × centifolia are unclear, but it is believed to be a complex hybrid involving Rosa damascena, Rosa gallica, Rosa moschata, Rosa canina, and possibly other species. It was first cultivated in the Netherlands in the 17th century, quickly becoming popular across Europe for its beauty and fragrance. The rose was a favorite in Victorian gardens and has been used extensively in breeding programs to develop new rose varieties.

Today, Rosa × centifolia is grown worldwide, though it is particularly associated with the Grasse region of France, where it is a key ingredient in the perfume industry. The flowers are harvested by hand in the early morning to preserve their delicate scent, which is used in some of the world's most famous fragrances.

Uses

Perfumery

Rosa × centifolia's essential oil is highly valued in perfumery, known as "rose absolute." The process of extracting the oil is labor-intensive, requiring tens of thousands of petals for just a few ounces of oil. This makes rose absolute one of the most expensive essential oils on the market. Its rich, complex scent is a staple in many perfumes, embodying floral notes with hints of honey and spice.

Medicinal

Historically, Rosa × centifolia has been used in traditional medicine for its supposed healing properties. It has been used to treat a variety of ailments, from skin disorders to digestive issues, although scientific evidence supporting these uses is limited.

Culinary

The petals of Rosa × centifolia are edible and have been used in culinary applications for centuries. They can be found in syrups, jams, and teas, adding a subtle floral flavor.

Cultivars

Several cultivars of Rosa × centifolia have been developed, each with unique characteristics. Some popular cultivars include 'Chapeau de Napoléon', with its distinctive moss-covered stems and buds, and 'Fantin-Latour', celebrated for its large, full blooms.

Conservation and Challenges

While Rosa × centifolia is not currently considered at risk, the traditional methods of cultivation and oil extraction are threatened by industrialization and the high costs of production. Efforts are being made to preserve these traditional practices, particularly in regions like Grasse, which is deeply connected to the history of perfumery.

See Also

• Rose water
• Essential oil extraction
• History of perfumery

External Links

• Link to a relevant site