Ross River

Ross River
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Ross River Fever is an infectious disease caused by the Ross River virus, which is transmitted to humans through mosquito bites. It is endemic to Australia and the Pacific Islands, and is the most common mosquito-borne disease in Australia.

Etiology

The disease is caused by the Ross River virus, a member of the Alphavirus genus in the Togaviridae family. The virus is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes of the Aedes and Culex genera.

Epidemiology

Ross River Fever is endemic in Australia, with cases reported throughout the year, but with higher incidence during the warmer months when mosquito activity is increased. The disease is also found in Papua New Guinea and other Pacific Islands.

Pathophysiology

After a mosquito bite, the virus enters the bloodstream and begins to replicate. The incubation period is typically 3 to 11 days. The virus primarily affects the joints and muscles, leading to the characteristic symptoms of the disease.

Clinical Presentation

The symptoms of Ross River Fever include:

• Fever
• Rash
• Joint pain and swelling
• Fatigue
• Muscle pain

The rash is usually maculopapular and can be widespread. Joint pain is often symmetrical and can affect multiple joints, leading to significant discomfort and disability.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical presentation and confirmed through laboratory tests such as:

• Serology to detect antibodies against the Ross River virus.
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect viral RNA.

Treatment

There is no specific antiviral treatment for Ross River Fever. Management is supportive and includes:

• Analgesics and anti-inflammatory medications for pain relief.
• Rest and hydration.

Prevention

Preventive measures focus on reducing mosquito exposure:

• Use of insect repellent.
• Wearing long sleeves and pants.
• Installing screens on windows and doors.
• Eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed.

Prognosis

Most patients recover fully, but some may experience prolonged joint pain and fatigue lasting for months.

Also see

• Alphavirus
• Mosquito-borne diseases
• Arthritis
• Viral infections