Rubia tinctorum

Rubia tinctorum flowers

Rubia tinctorum - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-123

Naturally dyed skeins

Rubia tinctorum, commonly known as the Common Madder or simply Madder, is a species of flowering plant in the coffee family, Rubiaceae. It is native to the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Asia, but has been spread to other parts of the world as a key dye plant. Historically, it has been cultivated since ancient times for a red pigment derived from its roots.

Description

Rubia tinctorum is a perennial climbing plant that can grow up to 1-1.5 meters in height. Its stems are square in cross-section, and it has evergreen leaves that are arranged in whorls of 4-7 around the stem. The plant produces small, yellowish flowers, which are followed by small, black berries. The roots of the plant are the most significant part for dye production, as they contain alizarin and purpurin, the compounds responsible for the red dye.

Cultivation and Use

The cultivation of Rubia tinctorum for dye production dates back to ancient civilizations, including the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. The plant thrives in well-drained, loamy soils and requires a warm climate for optimal growth. Harvesting of the roots typically occurs in the second or third year of growth, when the concentration of dye compounds is highest.

The process of extracting the dye from the roots involves drying, crushing, and then boiling the roots to produce a red dye. This dye has been used for coloring fabrics, leather, and cosmetics. The introduction of synthetic dyes in the 19th century led to a decline in the cultivation of Rubia tinctorum for dye production, although it is still used in some traditional textile industries and by natural dye enthusiasts.

Historical Significance

The red dye obtained from Rubia tinctorum played a significant role in various cultures throughout history. It was used for the robes of the royalty and high-ranking officials in ancient civilizations, signifying status and wealth. The dye was also used in artworks, manuscripts, and for the military uniforms of several European armies until the 19th century.

Conservation and Modern Use

In modern times, there has been a resurgence of interest in natural dyes, including those derived from Rubia tinctorum, due to environmental concerns associated with synthetic dyes. Efforts are being made to conserve the traditional knowledge of dye production and to explore sustainable cultivation practices for Rubia tinctorum.

See Also

• Natural dye
• Dyeing
• Textile industry
• Rubiaceae