Sambucus nigra

Sambucus nigra 004

Flowers Black Elder

Sambucus nigra RF

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Sambucus nigra2

Elder growing on Sycamore, Dalry, Scotland

PurpleLacyElderberryflowers

Sambucus nigra, commonly known as the European elder, black elder, or simply elder, is a species of flowering plant in the family Adoxaceae. It is native to Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia, and it has been widely cultivated and naturalized in other parts of the world. This plant is notable for its versatility; it has been used in traditional medicine, for culinary purposes, and in landscaping.

Description

Sambucus nigra is a deciduous shrub or small tree, growing to a height of up to 6–9 meters (20–30 feet). The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, 10–30 cm long, pinnate with 5–7 leaflets, each leaflet 5–12 cm long. The flowers are borne in large corymbs, with numerous small white or cream-colored flowers. These are followed by clusters of small black, blue-black, or red berries.

Habitat and Distribution

Originally from the regions of Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, Sambucus nigra has adapted to a wide range of climates and can be found in various habitats, including woodlands, hedgerows, and scrublands. Due to its adaptability and the value it offers to wildlife and humans, it has been introduced to other temperate regions of the world.

Uses

Culinary

The flowers and berries of Sambucus nigra are the most commonly used parts of the plant. Elderflower is used to make syrups, cordials, and liqueurs, such as the popular St. Germain. The berries are rich in vitamin C and are used to make jams, jellies, chutneys, and elderberry wine. However, it is important to note that the raw berries, leaves, twigs, and seeds contain cyanogenic glycosides and should not be consumed without proper preparation.

Medicinal

Elder has a long history of use in folk and traditional medicine. Elderflower and elderberry are believed to have antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. They have been used to treat a variety of ailments, including colds, flu, fever, and sinus infections. Despite its traditional uses, scientific evidence supporting these health benefits is limited, and further research is needed.

Ornamental

With its attractive flowers and berries, and its ability to thrive in a range of conditions, Sambucus nigra is also popular as an ornamental plant in gardens and landscapes. It can be used as a standalone specimen, in mixed borders, or as part of wildlife gardens.

Cultivation

Sambucus nigra is relatively easy to cultivate and can grow in a variety of soil types, though it prefers moist, well-drained soil. It can tolerate partial shade but flowers and fruits best in full sun. Pruning is recommended to maintain its shape and to encourage the growth of flowering and fruiting branches.

Varieties and Hybrids

There are several varieties and hybrids of Sambucus nigra, selected for their ornamental value, improved fruiting, or growth habit. These include the golden-leaved 'Aurea', the deeply cut-leaved 'Laciniata', and the purple-leaved 'Black Lace'.

Conservation

While Sambucus nigra is not currently considered at risk, its natural habitats are subject to the general pressures of habitat loss, pollution, and climate change. Conservation efforts focus on preserving its natural habitats and promoting its value for biodiversity.