Sandström

Sandström's Disease, also known as Parathyroid Adenoma, is a medical condition characterized by the presence of benign tumors in one or more of the parathyroid glands. These glands are small endocrine glands located in the neck behind the thyroid that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates calcium levels in the blood and bone metabolism. The condition was first described by Swedish surgeon Ivar Sandström in 1880, marking a significant milestone in the understanding of parathyroid pathology.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of Sandström's Disease is not well understood, but it is believed to involve genetic mutations that lead to the uncontrolled growth of parathyroid cells. Risk factors may include exposure to radiation, a family history of the disease, and certain hereditary conditions such as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A).

Symptoms

Symptoms of Sandström's Disease are primarily related to the effects of elevated levels of PTH, leading to hypercalcemia (high calcium levels in the blood). These symptoms can include:

• Osteoporosis - weakening of the bones
• Kidney stones
• Abdominal pain
• Nausea and vomiting
• Increased thirst and frequent urination
• Fatigue and weakness
• Depression or mood changes

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Sandström's Disease involves a combination of clinical evaluation, blood tests to measure levels of calcium and PTH, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or Computed Tomography (CT) scans to visualize the parathyroid glands. In some cases, a sestamibi scan, a type of nuclear medicine imaging, may be used to locate the adenoma.

Treatment

Treatment options for Sandström's Disease typically focus on removing the adenoma through surgery, which is often curative. In cases where surgery is not possible, medications that lower calcium levels, such as bisphosphonates or calcimimetics, may be used. Regular monitoring of calcium and PTH levels is essential for managing the condition.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with Sandström's Disease is generally excellent, especially when the condition is diagnosed early and treated effectively. Most patients experience significant improvement in symptoms and normalization of calcium levels after surgery.

Prevention

There are no known measures to prevent Sandström's Disease due to its largely unknown etiology and potential genetic factors. However, early detection and treatment can prevent complications and improve outcomes.

See Also

• Hyperparathyroidism
• Endocrine System
• Calcium Metabolism