Hyperparathyroidism

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Hyperparathyroidism
File:Illu thyroid parathyroid.jpg
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Fatigue, depression, bone pain, kidney stones, osteoporosis
Complications	Osteoporosis, kidney stones, cardiovascular disease
Onset	Typically middle age
Duration	Long-term
Types	N/A
Causes	Overactivity of one or more of the parathyroid glands
Risks	Radiation therapy, genetic disorders
Diagnosis	Blood tests showing elevated calcium and parathyroid hormone levels
Differential diagnosis	Hypercalcemia, malignancy
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Surgery, medication
Medication	Bisphosphonates, calcimimetics
Prognosis	N/A
Frequency	1-7 per 1,000 people
Deaths	N/A

Hyperparathyroidism is a condition characterized by an overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands. This excess PTH can lead to high levels of calcium in the blood, which can cause a variety of health problems.

File:3D Medical Animation still shot Hyperparathyroidism.jpg

3D Medical Animation still shot Hyperparathyroidism

Types

• There are two main types of hyperparathyroidism: primary and secondary.
• Primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by an enlargement or adenoma in one or more of the parathyroid glands. This leads to an overproduction of PTH and subsequent high calcium levels in the blood.
• Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a response to low calcium levels in the blood. This can be due to various reasons such as vitamin D deficiency, kidney disease, or dietary insufficiency. The low calcium levels stimulate the parathyroid glands to produce more PTH.

Symptoms

• Hyperparathyroidism can often be asymptomatic, especially in its early stages. When symptoms do occur, they may include:
• Fatigue or weakness
• Depression or forgetfulness
• Bone and joint pain
• Frequent urination
• Kidney stones
• Nausea, vomiting or loss of appetite

Diagnosis

Hyperparathyroidism is often diagnosed through blood tests that show high levels of PTH and calcium. Other tests, like bone density scans and kidney function tests, may also be used. In some cases, imaging tests can help identify an enlarged parathyroid gland.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the cause and severity of the condition. In primary hyperparathyroidism, surgery to remove the affected parathyroid gland(s) may be necessary. For secondary hyperparathyroidism, treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as increasing calcium or vitamin D intake or managing kidney disease.

See Also

• Parathyroid gland
• Parathyroid hormone
• Calcium
• Vitamin D

References

• Khan, Aliya (2017). "Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Evaluation". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.
• Komaba, Hirotaka; Fukagawa, Masafumi (2012). "Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: Pathogenesis and Treatment". Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis.
• Bilezikian, John P.; Khan, Aliya A.; Potts, John T. (2009). "Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: Summary statement from the Fourth International Workshop". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.

External Links

Hyperparathyroidism - MedlinePlus Primary Hyperparathyroidism - Mayo Clinic Hyperparathyroidism - American Association of Endocrine Surgeons