Kidney stones

Kidney stones, also known as renal lithiasis or nephrolithiasis, are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys.

Causes

Kidney stones form when the kidneys are not able to process and excrete waste, excess minerals, and toxins. This can happen when the urine has high levels of certain substances, such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid. These substances can crystallize and form stones.

Symptoms

Symptoms of kidney stones can include severe pain in the side and back, below the ribs, pain that radiates to the lower abdomen and groin, pain during urination, pink, red or brown urine, and frequent urination. In some cases, kidney stones can lead to complications, such as kidney infection or kidney damage.

Treatment

Treatment for kidney stones varies depending on the size and type of the stone, the underlying cause, and the presence of any infections or other medical conditions. Treatment options can include medication, lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or surgical removal.

Prevention

Prevention of kidney stones may include a combination of lifestyle changes and medications. A high fluid intake can reduce the risk of kidney stones. Dietary changes may also be beneficial, such as reducing intake of animal protein and foods high in sodium.

See also

• Urinary system
• Urolithiasis
• Kidney disease