Kidney stone

Kidney stone or nephrolithiasis is a solid piece of material that forms in the kidney due to substances in the urine. Kidney stones can cause pain, infection and even kidney damage.

Causes

Kidney stones form when there is a decrease in urine volume or an excess of stone-forming substances in the urine. The most common type of kidney stone contains calcium in combination with either oxalate or phosphate. Other chemical compounds that can form stones in the urinary tract include uric acid and the amino acid cystine.

Symptoms

Kidney stones can cause severe pain, blood in the urine (hematuria), and can lead to urinary tract infection (UTI). Other symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, fever, and chills.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of kidney stones is best accomplished using an X-ray or ultrasound scan. Other tests include a CT scan or urinalysis.

Treatment

Treatment for kidney stones varies depending on the type of stone and the cause. Small stones with minimal symptoms can be managed with pain medication and drinking lots of water. Larger stones may require more extensive treatment such as lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or surgical treatment.

Prevention

Prevention of kidney stones may include a combination of lifestyle changes and medications. A diet low in sodium and protein, maintaining a normal body weight, and drinking plenty of fluids are all important in preventing the formation of kidney stones.

See also

• Urinary tract infection
• Renal colic
• Hydronephrosis

Kidney stone Resources
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