Malakoplakia

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Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Malakoplakia
Micrograph showing Michaelis-Gutmann bodies, a characteristic finding in malakoplakia.
Synonyms	Malacoplakia
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Urinary tract infection, fever, abdominal pain, hematuria
Complications	Renal failure, sepsis
Onset	Any age, more common in adults
Duration	Chronic
Types	N/A
Causes	Escherichia coli infection, immunosuppression
Risks	Immunocompromised state, chronic infection
Diagnosis	Histopathology, presence of Michaelis-Gutmann bodies
Differential diagnosis	Bladder cancer, granulomatous disease
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Antibiotics, surgery
Medication	Fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Prognosis	Variable, depends on response to treatment
Frequency	Rare
Deaths	N/A

Malakoplakia is a rare inflammatory condition that can affect various organs in the body. It is characterized by the presence of unique histiocytes, known as Michaelis-Gutmann bodies, in the affected tissues. The condition was first described by Michaelis and Gutmann in 1902.

Etiology

The exact cause of malakoplakia is not known, but it is believed to be associated with an abnormal immune response to bacterial infections, particularly those caused by the E. coli bacterium. Other bacteria, such as Proteus and Rhodococcus, have also been implicated.

Pathogenesis

The pathogenesis of malakoplakia involves the accumulation of histiocytes in the affected tissues. These histiocytes contain unique inclusions known as Michaelis-Gutmann bodies, which are thought to be the result of defective phagocytosis and intracellular digestion of bacteria.

Clinical Features

The clinical features of malakoplakia can vary depending on the organ involved. In the urinary tract, which is the most common site of involvement, symptoms may include hematuria, dysuria, and lower abdominal pain. In other organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract or lungs, symptoms may be non-specific and include weight loss, fever, and malaise.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of malakoplakia is typically made based on the histological examination of a biopsy specimen, which reveals the characteristic Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. Other diagnostic tests, such as urine culture or imaging studies, may also be used to identify the underlying bacterial infection or to assess the extent of the disease.

Treatment

The treatment of malakoplakia involves the use of antibiotics to eradicate the underlying bacterial infection. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove the affected tissues.

Prognosis

The prognosis of malakoplakia is generally good, especially when the disease is diagnosed and treated early. However, in some cases, the disease can be progressive and lead to serious complications, such as renal failure or sepsis.

See Also

• Histiocyte
• Escherichia coli
• Proteus
• Rhodococcus