Renal colic

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Renal colic is a type of pain experienced in the lower back or abdomen, typically caused by the presence of kidney stones in the urinary tract. This condition is characterized by severe, intermittent pain that can be debilitating.

Causes

Renal colic is primarily caused by the obstruction of the urinary tract by kidney stones, also known as nephrolithiasis. These stones can form due to various factors, including dehydration, dietary habits, genetic predisposition, and certain medical conditions such as hyperparathyroidism and gout.

Symptoms

The hallmark symptom of renal colic is intense pain that often starts suddenly and can fluctuate in intensity. The pain is usually felt in the lower back, side, or groin. Other symptoms may include:

• Hematuria (blood in the urine)
• Nausea and vomiting
• Dysuria (painful urination)
• Frequent urge to urinate
• Fever and chills (if an infection is present)

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of renal colic typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Common diagnostic methods include:

• Urinalysis to detect blood or infection
• Imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or X-ray to visualize the stones
• Blood tests to check for kidney function and other related parameters

Treatment

Treatment for renal colic aims to relieve pain and facilitate the passage of kidney stones. Options include:

• Pain management with medications such as NSAIDs or opioids
• Hydration therapy to help flush out the stones
• Medical expulsive therapy using medications like alpha-blockers to relax the muscles in the urinary tract
• Surgical intervention such as ureteroscopy, shock wave lithotripsy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy for larger stones

Prevention

Preventive measures for renal colic focus on reducing the risk of kidney stone formation. These include:

• Staying well-hydrated
• Adopting a diet low in oxalates, sodium, and animal protein
• Managing underlying medical conditions
• Regular monitoring and follow-up with a healthcare provider

See also

• Kidney stone
• Nephrology
• Urology
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Gout