Hydronephrosis

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Hydronephrosis
Synonyms
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Flank pain, abdominal mass, nausea, vomiting, urinary tract infection
Complications	Kidney failure, urinary tract infection, sepsis
Onset
Duration
Types	Unilateral hydronephrosis, bilateral hydronephrosis
Causes	Kidney stones, congenital blockage, blood clot, tumor
Risks
Diagnosis	Ultrasound, CT scan, MRI
Differential diagnosis	Pyelonephritis, renal cyst, polycystic kidney disease
Prevention
Treatment	Surgery, ureteral stent, nephrostomy
Medication	Pain management, antibiotics
Prognosis
Frequency
Deaths

Hydronephrosis from kidney stone

Bilateral hydronephrosis

Hydronephrosis

CT of peripelvic cysts with non-contrast and urography

Society for Fetal Urology (SFU) grading of hydronephrosis

Left hydronephrosis with pyelostent

Left hydronephrosis with pyelostent

Hydronephrosis is a condition characterized by the swelling of a kidney due to a build-up of urine. It happens when urine cannot drain out from the kidney to the bladder from a blockage or obstruction. Hydronephrosis can occur in one or both kidneys.

Causes

The primary cause of hydronephrosis is obstruction in the urinary system which prevents urine from draining properly. Obstructions can occur at any point in the urinary system, from the kidneys to the urethra. Some common causes include:

• Kidney stones
• Congenital blockage (a defect that is present at birth)
• Blood clot
• Tumor or cancer in the urinary system

Symptoms

The symptoms of hydronephrosis depend on whether the condition is acute or chronic, the degree of obstruction, and whether it is on one side or both. In some cases, there may be no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include:

• Pain in the side and back, below the ribs
• Urinary tract infection
• Frequent urination
• Nausea and vomiting

Diagnosis

Hydronephrosis is usually diagnosed using imaging tests. These may include:

• Ultrasound
• CT scan
• MRI scan
• Intravenous pyelogram

Treatment

Treatment for hydronephrosis focuses on removing the obstruction and allowing urine to flow through the urinary system. This may involve:

• Medication to relieve pain and fight infection
• Surgery to remove the obstruction
• Catheter to drain urine from the kidney

See also

• Kidney disease
• Urinary system
• Kidney stones
• Urinary tract infection

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