Urethral caruncle

Urethral caruncle is a benign fleshy outgrowth at the posterior lip of the urethra, usually occurring in postmenopausal women. It is the most common benign tumor of the female urethra.

Etiology

The exact cause of urethral caruncle is unknown. However, it is believed to be associated with atrophic changes in the urethra due to decreased estrogen levels in postmenopausal women. Other factors such as chronic inflammation or irritation of the urethra may also contribute to its development.

Symptoms

Symptoms of urethral caruncle may vary among individuals. Some women may be asymptomatic, while others may experience symptoms such as dysuria (painful urination), hematuria (blood in urine), urinary frequency, and discomfort or pain in the urethral area. In some cases, a visible mass or protrusion at the urethral meatus may be observed.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of urethral caruncle is primarily based on clinical examination. A detailed medical history and physical examination, including a pelvic examination, are essential. Additional diagnostic procedures such as cystoscopy or biopsy may be performed to rule out other conditions such as urethral diverticulum or malignancy.

Treatment

Treatment of urethral caruncle depends on the severity of symptoms. Asymptomatic caruncles may not require treatment. For symptomatic caruncles, treatment options include topical estrogen therapy, surgical excision, and in some cases, laser ablation.

Prognosis

The prognosis for urethral caruncle is generally good. However, recurrence may occur, especially if the underlying cause is not addressed.

See also

• Urethra
• Urethral diverticulum
• Estrogen