Kidney stone disease

Kidney stone disease, also known as nephrolithiasis or renal calculi, is a condition characterized by the formation of solid deposits (stones) in the kidneys. These stones can cause severe pain and other complications if they obstruct the urinary tract. Kidney stones can vary in size, ranging from small, sand-like grains to larger, pebble-sized formations.

A man with Kidney Stones

Symptoms

Kidney stone disease can cause a variety of symptoms, including:

• Severe pain in the back and side (renal colic)
• Blood in the urine (hematuria)
• Nausea and vomiting
• Frequent urination
• Pain during urination (dysuria)
• Urine that smells bad or appears cloudy

Causes

Kidney stones form when certain minerals and salts in the urine become concentrated and crystallize. Factors that can contribute to kidney stone formation include:

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Staghorn Kidney Stone Progression

• Dehydration, which can lead to concentrated urine
• High levels of calcium, oxalate, or uric acid in the urine
• Family history of kidney stones
• Certain dietary factors, such as high intake of animal protein, sodium, or oxalate-rich foods
• Obesity
• Medical conditions, such as hyperparathyroidism, inflammatory bowel disease, or recurrent urinary tract infections

Diagnosis

Diagnosing kidney stone disease typically involves a medical history and physical examination, during which a healthcare professional will look for signs and symptoms. Additional diagnostic tests may include:

• Imaging studies, such as X-rays, CT scans, or ultrasounds, to visualize the stones
• Urinalysis, to check for blood, infection, or other abnormalities in the urine
• Blood tests, to assess kidney function and mineral levels

Treatment

Treatment for kidney stone disease depends on the size and type of the stone, as well as the severity of symptoms. Treatment options may include:

• Pain relief, using over-the-counter or prescription pain medications
• Increased fluid intake, to help flush out the stone and dilute the urine
• Medications, such as alpha-blockers, to help relax the muscles in the ureter and facilitate stone passage
• Dietary modifications, such as reducing intake of animal protein, sodium, or oxalate-rich foods, depending on the type of stone
• Surgical intervention, in severe cases where the stone is too large to pass or is causing complications, such as infection or kidney damage

Kidney stone disease Resources
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