Senna glycosides

Senna glycosides, also known as sennosides or senosides, are a group of organic compounds found in the plants of the Senna genus, particularly in the species Senna alexandrina. These compounds are primarily known for their use in medicine as laxatives, employed in the treatment of constipation. Senna glycosides work by stimulating the large intestine to increase fluid secretion and promote bowel movements.

Chemistry

Senna glycosides are dianthrone derivatives, a type of anthraquinone which is a common structure for compounds with laxative effects. They are obtained from the leaves and pods of the Senna plant. The active components of senna glycosides include both sennoside A and sennoside B, among others. These compounds are transformed by the bacteria in the colon into rheinanthrone, which is the active metabolite that stimulates the motility of the colon, leading to a laxative effect.

Pharmacology

The primary mechanism of action of senna glycosides involves the stimulation of the enteric nervous system in the colon, resulting in increased peristalsis and fluid secretion. This action facilitates the movement of stool through the colon and reduces the time it takes for the stool to exit the body, thereby alleviating constipation. Senna glycosides are considered stimulant laxatives, as opposed to bulk-forming or osmotic laxatives.

Clinical Uses

Senna glycosides are used for the short-term treatment of constipation. They can also be used to clear the bowel before diagnostic tests such as colonoscopy. The use of senna glycosides should be limited to short periods, as long-term use can lead to complications such as electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, and dependency.

Side Effects

Common side effects of senna glycosides include abdominal cramps and diarrhea. Long-term use or overuse can lead to more serious conditions such as electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, and the potential for decreased bowel function.

Precautions

Patients with certain conditions such as intestinal obstruction, acute inflammatory bowel disease, and children under the age of two should not use senna glycosides. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should consult a healthcare provider before using senna glycosides.

Conclusion

Senna glycosides are an effective and widely used treatment for constipation. However, like all medications, they should be used responsibly under the guidance of a healthcare professional to avoid potential side effects and complications.