Sex hormones

Sex hormones, also known as gonadal hormones, are hormones that influence sex differences and support reproduction. They are produced primarily by the gonads (the ovaries in females and the testes in males) and, in smaller amounts, by the adrenal glands, liver, and fat cells. Sex hormones include estrogens, progesterone, and androgens.

Production and Regulation

Sex hormone production is regulated by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which signals the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These hormones then stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones.

Types of Sex Hormones

Estrogens

Estrogens are a group of sex hormones that promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics in the human body. They are produced primarily in the ovaries, but also in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands and in fat cells.

Progesterone

Progesterone is a sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis. It is produced in the ovaries, the placenta (when a woman is pregnant), and the adrenal glands.

Androgens

Androgens are a group of sex hormones that promote the development and maintenance of male characteristics. The primary and most well-known androgen is testosterone.

Functions of Sex Hormones

Sex hormones have various functions. They regulate the menstrual cycle in women, influence the development of secondary sexual characteristics, support sperm production in men, and maintain pregnancy in women. They also have roles in bone health, cardiovascular health, and cognitive function.

Disorders Related to Sex Hormones

Imbalances in sex hormones can lead to a variety of disorders. These include polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, hypogonadism, and certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer and prostate cancer.

See Also

• Hormone
• Endocrine system
• Menstrual cycle
• Pregnancy

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