Shaivism

A havan ceremony on the banks of Ganges, Muni ki Reti, Rishikesh

Development of Shaivism

Shiva Pashupati

Vima Kadphises Shiva coin

Shiva Parvati Ganesha

Shiva with Trisula Panjikent 7th–8th century CE Hermitage Museum

Shaivism is one of the major traditions within Hinduism that reveres Shiva as the Supreme Being or its metaphysical concept of Brahman. The followers of Shaivism are called "Shaivas" or "Saivas." Shaivism encompasses a vast diversity of beliefs and practices, ranging from asceticism and monasticism to the worship of Shiva in iconic form as a lingam.

Origins and History

Shaivism has ancient roots, tracing back to the Indus Valley Civilization, where seals depicting figures thought to be precursors to the Hindu god Shiva have been discovered. The tradition further developed during the Vedic period, where Shiva is identified with the deity Rudra. Over centuries, Shaivism evolved and expanded across the Indian subcontinent, absorbing local traditions and deities.

Beliefs and Practices

Shaivism is characterized by its diverse beliefs and practices. At its core, Shaivas believe in the supreme god Shiva as the creator, preserver, and destroyer of the universe. Shaivism encompasses both monotheistic and polytheistic elements, with Shiva being worshipped in many forms, including the benign and familial Shankara and the fierce and destructive Bhairava.

Philosophical Schools

Shaivism is divided into several philosophical schools, each with its own interpretation of texts and doctrines. The most prominent among these are:

• Advaita Vedanta Shaivism, which teaches non-dualism and sees Shiva as the absolute reality.
• Shaiva Siddhanta, prevalent in South India and parts of Sri Lanka, emphasizes dualism and the grace of Shiva for salvation.
• Kashmir Shaivism, known for its monistic and tantric teachings, focusing on consciousness and recognition.

Practices

Shaiva practices vary widely and include:

• Lingam worship, representing Shiva's generative power.
• Recitation of Shiva Purana and other sacred texts.
• Yoga and meditation, aiming for spiritual liberation.
• Celebrations of festivals like Maha Shivaratri, dedicated to Shiva.

Sacred Texts

Shaivism's sacred literature includes a vast array of texts, from ancient scriptures like the Vedas and Agamas to later works such as the Puranas. The Shiva Purana and Linga Purana are particularly important, detailing the myths, legends, and principles of Shaivism.

Influence and Spread

Shaivism has had a profound influence on the cultural and religious landscape of South Asia and beyond. Its practices and philosophies have spread to Southeast Asia, where temples dedicated to Shiva can be found in countries like Indonesia and Cambodia. In the modern era, Shaivism continues to thrive, with millions of followers engaging in its rituals and upholding its traditions.

See Also

• Hinduism
• Vedas
• Puranas
• Shiva Purana
• Linga Purana
• Maha Shivaratri