Shaktism

Statues of Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani and Camunda, National Museum, New Delhi

Durga Loro Jonggrang copy

Lalita sm

Indian - Kali as the Supreme Deity - Walters W897

Kali lithograph

India Meenakshi Temple

Shaktism is a major tradition within Hinduism that focuses on the worship of the Devi, the Divine Mother in various forms as the absolute, ultimate Godhead. It is one of the three major Hindu denominations alongside Shaivism and Vaishnavism. Shaktism venerates the feminine power, or Shakti, as the most important force in the universe. This tradition is deeply rooted in the culture and spiritual practices of India, extending its influence to art, literature, and daily religious practices.

Origins and History

The origins of Shaktism are difficult to trace due to its ancient roots. However, it is believed to have developed during the late Vedic period, with its philosophy and practice evolving significantly over the centuries. Early texts such as the Devi Mahatmya, part of the Markandeya Purana, played a crucial role in shaping the tradition's foundational beliefs. This text celebrates the goddess in her many forms, emphasizing her cosmic and salvific roles.

Beliefs and Practices

Shaktism's core belief is that the Devi is the source of all creation, preservation, and destruction in the universe. The goddess is both transcendent and immanent, embodying the dynamic energy that activates the divine male principle of Shiva and other gods. Shaktas, or followers of Shaktism, engage in various practices, including puja (worship), mantra chanting, meditation, and yoga, to connect with and honor the divine feminine. Festivals like Navaratri and Durga Puja are significant in Shaktism, celebrated with great fervor across different regions.

Philosophy

Shaktism encompasses a wide range of philosophical views, from dualistic to non-dualistic interpretations of the universe. The Shakta Upanishads, such as the Devi Upanishad, along with texts like the Lalita Sahasranama, articulate the tradition's theological and metaphysical positions. The concept of Shakti and Maya (illusion) are central, with the Devi seen as the ultimate reality beyond Maya's veil.

Deities

While the Devi, in her form as Parvati, Durga, Kali, Lakshmi, and Saraswati, is the primary focus of worship, Shaktism also acknowledges a pantheon of female divinities, each embodying different aspects of life and the cosmos. These include the Mahavidyas, a group of ten goddesses who represent wisdom and aspects of the divine feminine.

Texts

Key scriptures in Shaktism include the Devi Bhagavatam, the Devi Mahatmya, and the Lalita Sahasranama. These texts, among others, provide insights into the mythological stories, rituals, and philosophical underpinnings of the tradition.

Sects and Schools

Shaktism is not monolithic but comprises various sects and schools, each with its own interpretations and practices. The most well-known include the Sri Vidya tradition, which focuses on the worship of the goddess Lalita, and the Kali Kula and Durga Kula traditions, centered around the worship of Kali and Durga, respectively.

Influence

The influence of Shaktism extends beyond religious practices to impact Indian culture, art, music, and literature. The goddess has been a central figure in many works, symbolizing various aspects of life, nature, and spirituality.

Conclusion

Shaktism represents a complex and rich tradition within Hinduism, emphasizing the power and importance of the divine feminine. Its practices, beliefs, and philosophical outlooks offer a unique perspective on the divine and its relationship with the world.