Substituent
Chemical group attached to a core structure
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A substituent is an atom or group of atoms that replaces hydrogen atoms on the parent chain of a hydrocarbon. Substituents are a key concept in organic chemistry, as they can significantly alter the chemical properties and reactivity of the molecule.
Types of Substituents[edit | edit source]
Substituents can be classified based on their chemical structure and the type of atoms involved. Common types include:
- Alkyl substituents: These are groups derived from alkanes by removing one hydrogen atom. Examples include methyl (−CH₃) and ethyl (−C₂H₅).
- Aryl substituents: These are derived from aromatic compounds, such as the phenyl group (−C₆H₅).
- Functional groups: These include groups like hydroxyl (−OH), carboxyl (−COOH), and amino (−NH₂).
Effects of Substituents[edit | edit source]
Substituents can influence the physical properties, chemical reactivity, and biological activity of molecules. For example:
- The presence of an electron-withdrawing group can increase the acidity of a molecule.
- Electron-donating groups can enhance the nucleophilicity of a molecule.
Nomenclature[edit | edit source]
In IUPAC nomenclature, substituents are named as prefixes to the name of the parent hydrocarbon. The position of the substituent is indicated by a number, which is assigned according to the lowest locant rule.
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
External links[edit | edit source]
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