Substituted amphetamines

Substituted amphetamines are a chemical class of stimulants, entactogens, hallucinogens, and other drugs. They are derivatives of amphetamine, a compound with the chemical structure phenethylamine. The class includes amphetamine itself, methamphetamine, MDMA (ecstasy), and many others. These substances have a wide range of effects, including increased energy, euphoria, increased sociability, and in some cases, hallucinations. They are used in both medical and recreational contexts.

Chemistry

Substituted amphetamines are characterized by the substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms in the amphetamine core structure with other atoms or groups. The most common substitutions occur at the phenyl ring or the nitrogen atom of the ethylamine side chain. These modifications can significantly alter the pharmacological properties of the compounds, including their potency, neurochemical mechanism of action, and their potential for abuse and dependence.

Pharmacology

The pharmacological effects of substituted amphetamines are primarily due to their action on the neurotransmitter systems in the brain, particularly the release and reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. These neurotransmitters are associated with mood, energy levels, and pleasure, among other psychological functions. The increased activity of these neurotransmitters in the brain is responsible for the stimulant and euphoric effects of these drugs.

Medical Use

Some substituted amphetamines, such as amphetamine and methamphetamine, have legitimate medical uses. They are prescribed for conditions such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and certain cases of narcolepsy, a sleep disorder. MDMA is currently under research for its potential to assist in therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Recreational Use

Recreationally, substituted amphetamines are used for their stimulant and euphoric effects. MDMA, for example, is popular in the nightclub and rave scenes for its entactogenic effects, promoting feelings of empathy, love, and connectedness with others.

Risks and Adverse Effects

The use of substituted amphetamines carries significant risks. These can include addiction, cardiovascular problems, neurotoxicity, and psychological issues such as anxiety, paranoia, and psychosis. The risk and severity of adverse effects can vary widely among different substituted amphetamines.

Legal Status

The legal status of substituted amphetamines varies by country and substance. Many, such as MDMA and methamphetamine, are controlled substances in many jurisdictions, meaning their manufacture, distribution, and possession are heavily regulated or banned outright.

See Also

• Phenethylamines
• Psychoactive drug
• Stimulant psychosis
• Neurotransmitter